March 5 – The 1730 papal conclave to elect a new Pope for the Roman Catholic church begins with 30 Cardinals, 12 days after the death of Pope Benedict XIII. By the time his successor is elected on July 12, there are 56 Cardinals.
June 27 – French explorer Alphonse de Pontevez, commanding the frigate Le Lys, claims an Indian Oceanatoll for France and names it after himself as the Alphonse Atoll. The next day, he claims and names the St. François Atoll.
August 25 – French Protestant Marie Durand is imprisoned in the Tower of Constance at Aigues-Mortes for her defiance of the Roman Catholic government, and is kept captive for the next 38 years. During her incarceration, she continues to resist converting to Catholicism as a condition of release. She is finally set free on April 14, 1768 and lives 8 more years.
September 1 – A volcano erupts on Lanzarote, the easternmost of the Canary Islands and threatens the Spanish inhabitants. On Gran Canaria, the regent of the islands reports to Madrid that the flames are visible even from 130 miles (210 km) away.[6]
December 27 – The Dutch East India Company ends an almost 11-year effort of trying to maintain a colony around Delagoa Bay in southern Africa in modern-day Mozambique. The entire population of the settlement, Fort Lydzammheid (near modern-day Maputo) is evacuated by the ships Snuffelaar, Zeepost and Feyenoord and the group returns to Cape Town.[8]
January 8 – An avalanche from the Skafjell mountain causes a massive wave in the Storfjordenfjord in Norway that sinks all boats that happen to be in the water at the time and kills people on both shores.[9]
April 28 – A fire at White's Chocolate House, near St. James's Palace in London, destroys the historic club and the paintings therein, but is kept from spreading by the fast response of firemen.[13]
June 4 – The English market town of Blandford Forum is destroyed by fire, with the exception of 26 houses. About one-third of the uninsured losses are paid for by the collection of disaster relief money.[13]
August 15 – King Frederick William I of Prussia forgives his 19-year-old son, Prince Frederick, who has been confined since November to the town of Küstrin (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą in Poland) for his 1730 attempt to desert from the Prussian Army.[16] Nine years later, having been politically rehabilitated, Prince Frederick succeeds his father as King and is later remembered as "Frederick the Great".
August 23 – The oldest known sports score in history is recorded in the description of a cricket match at Richmond Green in England, when the team of Thomas Chambers of Middlesex defeats the Duke of Richmond's team by 119 to 79.
September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English surgeon William Cookesley.[17]
October 23 – A fire at Ashburnham House in Westminster destroys 114 irreplaceable manuscripts (including a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) and damages 98 others (among them the manuscript of Beowulf). Richard Bentley, the King's librarian and the House's owner, saves the only copy of the Codex Alexandrinus, carrying it under one arm as he leaps from a window. Bentley's ten year labor in translating the Greek Testament is ruined by the blaze. The remaining 844 manuscripts later form the heart of the collections of the British Library.[18][13]
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler announces his use of the irrational number e (approximately 2.71828) as the base for the concept of the natural logarithm, describing it in a letter to German mathematician Christian Goldbach.
Patrona Halil, an ethnic Albanian and a janissary who instigated a mass uprising in 1730 within the Ottoman Empire that brought Mahmud I to power as the new Sultan, is strangled to death in Mahmud's presence after the rebellion is suppressed.
September 13 – The Treaty of the Three Black Eagles or the Treaty of Berlin, a secret treaty between the Austrian Empire, the Russian Empire and Prussia against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
October 16 – Russia approves the second Kamchatka expedition of Danish-born Russian cartographer Vitus Bering, and the Admiralty orders him to sail east and try to claim uncharted lands in North America.
December 19 – Benjamin Franklin, in the Pennsylvania Gazette, first advertises the publication of Poor Richard's Almanack, purportedly written by "Richard Saunders", a pen name used by Franklin. [29] The book goes on sale on December 28. [30] The annual publication will continue until 1758.
Date unknown
Herman Boerhaave publishes the authorized edition of his Elementa chemiae, recognised as the first text on chemistry.[31]
March 21 – The Molasses Act is passed by British House of Commons, which reinforces the negative opinions of the British by American colonists.[34] The Act then goes to the House of Lords, which consents to it on May 4 and it receives royal assent on May 17.
After British Prime Minister Robert Walpole's proposed excise tax bill results in rioting over the imposition of additional taxes and the use of government agents to collect them, Walpole informs the House of Commons that he will withdraw the legislation.[35]
May 26 – The introduction of John Kay's Flying Shuttle which revolutionized the textile industry and marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
June 12 – At Schloss Salzdahlum, Prince Frederick of Prussia, the 21-year-old heir to the throne reluctantly marries Duchess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern in order to avoid prosecution for desertion from the Prussian Army and to be guaranteed the throne. Despite the unhappy marriage Frederick and Elisabeth later reign as King and Queen Consort of Prussia.
September 12 – Stanislas Leszczynski, who had been King of Poland from 1704 to 1709 until being driven from the throne by King Augustus II, is returned to office by the vote of the Sejm.[39] Russia and Austria protest the election, since King Stanislaus is backed by France and Sweden.
December 19 – Unsuccessful in capturing Baghdad from the Ottoman Empire, Persia's ruler Nader Shah signs the Treaty of Baghdad with the Ottoman Governor, Ahmad Khan Pasha, with the Turks and the Iranians agreeing to restore the boundary between the two empires to the lines before the 1732 Ottoman invasion of Iran.[41]
October 31 – Chief Tomochichi of the Yamacraw band of the Muscogee Nation ends a successful four and a half month visit to Great Britain, along with Georgia Governor James Oglethorpe and other Yamacraw Indians, after having signed the cession of the area of modern day Savannah, Georgia to the Georgia Company. On June 16, he and the Muscogee delegation (Senauki, Toonahowi, Hillispilli, Umpichi, Apokutchi, Santachi and Stimaletchi) had been welcomed as guests of King George II. The group departs on HMS Aldborough after completing the visit by the largest delegation of Native Americans since 1616.[45]
February 3 – All 256 people on board the Dutch East India Company ships Vliegenthart and Anna Catherina die when the two ships sink in a gale off of the Netherlands coast. The wreckage of Vliegenthart remains undiscovered until 1981.[48]
March 10 – The Russian Empire and Persia sign the Treaty of Ganja, with Russia ceding territories in the Caucasus mountains to Persia, and the two rivals forming a defensive alliance against the Ottoman Empire.
October 3 – An agreement between the European powers brings a ceasefire in the War of the Polish Succession, one week short of the second anniversary of the war. With France and Spain on the side of the reigning monarch, Stanisław Leszczyński, and Prussia, Russia, and Austria supporting Augustus III, a preliminary peace is signed that was ratified in 1738 as the Treaty of Vienna. By the terms of the treaty, Stanisław Leszczyński renounced his claim on the Polish throne and recognized Augustus III, Duke of Saxony. As compensation he received instead the duchies of Lorraine and Bar which were to pass to France upon his death.
The Porteous Riots erupt in Edinburgh (Scotland), after the execution of smuggler Andrew Wilson, when town guard Captain John Porteous orders his men to fire at the crowd. Porteous is arrested later.
German adventurer Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff is crowned King Theodore of Corsica, 25 days after his arrival on Corsica on March 20.[58] His reign ends on November 5 when he flees the island.
September 29 – The Gin Act 1736 goes into effect, placing a steep tax on the sale of gin and license requirements for its sale, with the intent of reducing consumption of the liquor in Britain. Widely ignored, the Act is repealed in 1743. [65]
November 5 – King Theodore of Corsica flees the island after a reign of seven months and the kingdom reverts to Genoese control. [58]
November 13 – Word of the discovery of silver, south of what is now the U.S.-Mexican border, reaches Sonora Governor Juan Bautista Anza and soon leads to prospectors coming to Nogales to find more silver. [67] Late in October, a Yaqui Indian prospector, Antonio Siraumea, had discovered large slabs of silver ("Las planchas de plata"), and at the Estancia Arizona, a ranch owned by Captain Bernardo de Urrea [es]. The region, and later the U.S. territory, and state of Arizona are named for Urrea's ranch.
January 9 – The Empires of Austria and Russia enter into a secret military alliance that leads to Austria's disastrous entry into the Russo-Turkish War.[72]
In Afghanistan, Persian shah Nader Shah begins the 11-month Siege of Kandahar against the Pashtun Emir of Afghanistan, Hussain Hotak.[77] The surviving Afghanis surrender on March 24, 1738.
Lots are first advertised for sale in the new town of Richmond, Virginia, by the placement of a notice by William Byrd in the Virginia Gazette. According to the paper, "... on the North Side of James River, near the Uppermost Landing, and a little below the Falls, is lately laid off by Major Mayo, a Town, called Richmond, with Streets 65 Feet wide, in a pleasant and healthy Situation, and well supply'd with Springs of good Water. It lies near the Publick Warehouse at Shoccoe's, and in the midst of great Quantities of Grain, and all kind of Provisions. The Lots will be granted in Fee Simple, on Condition only of building a House in Three Years Time, of 24 by 16 Feet, fronting within 5 Feet of the Street. The Lots to be rated according to the Convenience of their Situation, and to be sold after this April General Court, by me, William Byrd."[78]
July 17 – The British ship Catherine founders in a storm off of Nova Scotia's Cape Sable Island during its voyage from Ireland to Boston, killing 98 of the 201 people on board.
August 15 – The Portuguese frigate Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem arrives at Maldonado (now in Uruguay) as Captain Duarte Pereira brings the news that the Spanish–Portuguese War ended by an agreement signed on March 16.[76]
October 16 – An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.3 occurs off the shore of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Tsunamis up to 60 metres (200 ft) high follow in the Pacific ocean.[82]
February 11 – Jacques de Vaucanson stages the first demonstration of an early automaton, The Flute Player at the Hotel de Longueville in Paris, and continues to display it until March 30.[86]
July 1 – English metallurgist William Champion is granted a patent for his process of extracting zinc from other materials in a furnace.[93]
July 10 – Thomas Pellow of Cornwall finally escapes captivity, 23 years after having been captured by Barbary pirates and held as a slave in Morocco. He arrives in British territory when the ship he is on sails into Gibraltar Bay on July 21, and later recounts his story in the book The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner: Three and Twenty Years in Captivity Among the Moors.[94]
December 27 – After setting off from Rotterdam in August with 240 immigrants to America, the British ship Princess Augusta is wrecked near Block Island off of the coast of the colony of Rhode Island.[97] During the voyage, 200 passengers and seven crew die from illness spread by contaminated water. Another 20 die after the crew leaves and rows to shore. The wreck later becomes the subject of the legend of the "Palatine Light" ghost ship and of John Greenleaf Whittier's 1867 poem "The Palatine".
Date unknown
China's Qing government announces that all western businessmen have to use the Cohong in Guangzhou to trade.
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, having completed a law degree, is hired as a court musician by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great (Bach will remain in Frederick's service until 1768).
December 30– Months of unseasonably cold weather begin in Ireland, precipitating the Irish Famine of 1740, known as Bliain an Áir ("The Year of Slaughter"). A January 5 dispatch from Dublin to the Stamford Mercury says "Since last Wednesday we have had the most violent cold Weather that was ever known in this Kingdom; hard Frost began that evening, which has continued ever since with a very stormy Wind at South-East."[105] At least 13% of Ireland's population dies of starvation in the year that follows.[106]
^William H. Egle, History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Civil, Political and Military from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, Including Historical Descriptions of Each County in the State, Their Towns, and Industrial Resources (E.M. Gardner Co., 1883) p322
^"List of British Merchant Ships, taken or plundered by the Spaniards", The Political State for the Month of April, 1738 of Great Britain (April 30, 1738) p322.
^ abcd"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p49
^Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Alaska, 1730-1865 (A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1886) p45
^ Orcutt Frost, Bering: The Russian Discovery of America (Yale University Press, 2003) p67
^Durant Will and Ariel (1965). The Story of Civilization, Volume IX: The Age of Voltaire. Simon & Schuster.
^Selley, Peter (2016). "William Cookesley, William Hunter and the first patient to survive removal of the appendix in 1731". Journal of Medical Biography. 24 (2): 180–3. doi:10.1177/0967772015591717. PMID26758584. S2CID1708483.
^Quintano, Anton (2003). The Maltese-Hospitaller Sailing Ship Squadron 1701-1798. Publishers Enterprises Group. p. 17. ISBN9789990903485.
^Grinëv, Andreĭ Valʹterovich (translated by Richard L. Bland) (2018). Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741-1799. University of Nebraska Press.
^David F. Burg, A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present (Taylor & Francis, 2004)
^Chris E. Fonvielle, Jr., Historic Wilmington & the Lower Cape Fear (Historical Publishing Network, 2007) p18
^"The imperial heritage of Peter the Great in the foreign policy of his early successors", by E. V. Anisimov, in Imperial Russian Foreign Policy, ed. by Hugh Ragsdale (Cambridge University Press, 1993) p30
^Thomas Carlyle, History of Friedrich the Second, Called Frederick the Great (Harper & Brothers, 1858) p372
^Douglas M. Gibler, International Military Alliances, 1648-2008, (SAGE Publications, 2008) p.85
^Kaveh Farrokh, Iran at War, 1500-1988 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011) pp110-113
^Rosse, J. Willoughby (1858). "George II". An Index of Dates, Comprehending the Principal Facts in the Chronology and History of the World, from the Earliest to the Present Time. London: Henry G. Bohn. p. 347.
^Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 215–216. ISBN0-7126-5616-2.
^Chris Cook and Philip Broadhead, The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763 (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p.126
^"Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p50
^W. H. Wilkins, Caroline, the Illustrious Queen-Consort of George II. and Sometime Queen-Regent: A Study of Her Life and Time, Volume 2 (Longmans, Green, 1901) p20
^Oscar Peschel and Gustav Leipoldt, Physische Erdkunde: Nach den Hinterlassenen Manuscripten Oscar Peschel's (Physical Geography: According to Oscar Peschel's Surviving Manuscripts (Duncker & Humblot, 1879) p. 152
^Carlos R. Herrera, Juan Bautista de Anza: The King's Governor in New Mexico (University of Oklahoma Press, 2015) p37
^Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'équateur. Paris. 1751.
^Theorematum Quorundam ad Numeros Primos Spectantium Demonstratio.
^An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of the Analyst.
^Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W. N. (1979). Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700–1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
^Hassall, Arthur (1907). The Balance of Power, 1715-1789. New York: Macmillan. p. 119.
^Historical Calendar (Philippine National Historical Commission, 1970), p11
^"On the cause of the eccentricity of the woody layers which one perceives when one cuts horizontally the trunk of a tree" (De la cause de l'excentricité des couches ligneuses qu'on apperçoit quand on coupe horisontalement le tronc d'un arbre).
^ abMarley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 250.
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^Francisco A. Eissa-Barroso, The Spanish Monarchy and the Creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717-1739) (Brill, 2016) p232
^Bennet Woodcroft, Titles of Patents of Invention, Chronologically Arranged, From March 2, 1617 (14 James I.) to October 1, 1852 (16 Victoriae). 1617-1823 (The Queen's Printing Office, 1854) p104-105
^Thomas Pellow, The Adventures of Thomas Pellow, of Penryn, Mariner (reprinted by T. Fisher Unwin, 1890) pp. 813-816
^C. H. von Manstein, Memoirs of Russia, Historical, Political and Military, from the Year 1727 to 1744 (Beckett & DeHondt, 1770) pp203-210
^Pedar Foss and John J. Dobbins, The World of Pompeii (Routledge, 2009) p29
^Jill Farinelli, The Palatine Wreck: The Legend of the New England Ghost Ship (University Press of New England, 2017) pp. 101-105
^Sailendra Nath Sen (1994). Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785–96. Popular Prakashan. p. 1.
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^Elling, Christian (2019). Rome : the biography of her architecture from Bernini to Thorvaldsen. Place of publication not identified: Routledge. p. 109. ISBN9781000310290.
^Göransson, Elisabet (2006). Letters of a learned lady: Sophia Elisabeth Brenner's correspondence, with an edition of her letters to and from Otto Sperling the younger. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 25. ISBN9789122021575.
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