Protein
β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG ), or beta-thromboglobulin , is a chemokine protein secreted by platelets .[ 1] [ 2] It is a type of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 .[ 3] Along with platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-TG is one of the best-characterized platelet-specific proteins.[ 4] β-TG and PF4 are stored in platelet alpha granules and are released during platelet activation .[ 1] [ 4] [ 5] As a result, they are useful markers of platelet activation.[ 1] [ 4] β-TG also has multiple biological activities , for instance being involved in maturation of megakaryocytes .[ 6]
Biological actions
β-TG is a chemoattractant , strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils . It is a stimulator of mitogenesis , extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism , and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.[ 5]
β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production.[ 5]
Clinical uses
Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4.[ 5]
Influences
β-TG levels may increase with age.[ 7] It is elevated in diabetes mellitus .[ 8]
β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol , though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate .[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchanged during normal pregnancy .[ 13]
References
^ a b c Sharma G, Berger JS (August 2011). "Platelet activity and cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy individuals: a review of the data". J Thromb Thrombolysis . 32 (2): 201–8. doi :10.1007/s11239-011-0590-9 . PMID 21562837 . S2CID 23686294 .
^ Kaplan KL, Owen J (February 1981). "Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo" . Blood . 57 (2): 199–202. doi :10.1182/blood.V57.2.199.199 . PMID 6160890 .
^ Pillai MM, Iwata M, Awaya N, Graf L, Torok-Storb B (May 2006). "Monocyte-derived CXCL7 peptides in the marrow microenvironment" . Blood . 107 (9): 3520–6. doi :10.1182/blood-2005-10-4285 . PMC 1895768 . PMID 16391012 .
^ a b c Cella G, Scattolo N, Girolami A, Sasahara AA (1984). "Are platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin markers of cardiovascular disorders?". Ric Clin Lab . 14 (1): 9–18. doi :10.1007/BF02905035 . PMID 6203164 . S2CID 58519828 .
^ a b c d Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia → Beta-Thromboglobulin Retrieved on August 17, 2009
^ Chung-Eun Ha; N. V. Bhagavan (24 April 2015). Essentials of Medical Biochemistry: With Clinical Cases (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-0-12-416697-4 . OCLC 1006915388 .
^ Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM (February 2010). "Thrombotic risk factors: basic pathophysiology". Crit Care Med . 38 (2 Suppl): S3–9. doi :10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c9cbd9 . PMID 20083911 . S2CID 34486553 .
^ Page 121 in: Sterne, Jonathan; Kirkwood, Betty R. (2003). Essential medical statistics . Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-86542-871-9 .
^ Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G (October 2017). "Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis". Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol . 10 (10): 1129–1144. doi :10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718 . PMID 28712325 . S2CID 205931204 .
^ Kluft C, Lansink M (July 1997). "Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables". Thromb Haemost . 78 (1): 315–26. doi :10.1055/s-0038-1657546 . PMID 9198173 .
^ Kuhl, H (1998). "Adverse effects of estrogen treatment: natural vs. synthetic estrogens". In Lippert, T. H.; Mueck, A. O.; Ginsburg, J. (eds.). Sex Steroids and the Cardiovascular System: The Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop, Tuebingen, Germany, October 1996 . London/New York: Parthenon. pp. 201–210. ISBN 9781850709565 .
^ Lindberg UB, Crona N, Stigendal L, Teger-Nilsson AC, Silfverstolpe G (February 1989). "A comparison between effects of estradiol valerate and low dose ethinyl estradiol on haemostasis parameters". Thromb Haemost . 61 (1): 65–9. doi :10.1055/s-0038-1646528 . PMID 2526387 .
^ Hellgren M (April 2003). "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost . 29 (2): 125–30. doi :10.1055/s-2003-38897 . PMID 12709915 .
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