Liberalisme klasik

Liberalisme klasik adalah ideologi politik, cabang liberalisme yang mendukung kebebasan sipil dan kebebasan politik dengan pemerintahan demokrasi perwakilan berdasarkan aturan hukum dan mengutamakan kebebasan ekonomi.^[1]^[2]

Liberalisme klasik berkembang pada abad ke-19 di Eropa dan Amerika Serikat. Meski liberalisme klasik dibangun di atas pemikiran yang sudah berkembang pada akhir abad ke-19, liberalisme klasik mendukung terciptanya masyarakat, pemerintahan, dan kebijakan umum jenis lain sebagai tanggapan terhadap Revolusi Industri dan urbanisasi.^[3] Tokoh ternama yang pemikirannya digunakan dalam liberalisme klasik meliputi John Locke,^[4] Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, dan David Ricardo. Liberalisme klasik bergantung pada teori ekonomi Adam Smith, hukum kodrat,^[5] utilitarianisme,^[6] dan kemajuan.^[7]

Pada akhir abad ke-19, liberalisme klasik berkembang menjadi liberalisme neoklasik. Liberalisme neoklasik percaya bahwa pemerintahan harus disusutkan sekecil-kecilnya agar kebebasan individu bisa berjalan. Dalam bentuk ekstremnya, liberalisme neoklasik mengusung konsep Darwinisme sosial. Libertarianisme adalah bentuk modern dari liberalisme neoklasik.^[8]

Lihat Pula

Catatan kaki

^ Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38
^ M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129
^ Hamowy, p. xxix
^ Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (1994)
^ Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (1992) p. 58
^ Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, Handbook of Political Theory (2004) p. 422
^ Hunt, p. 54
^ Mayne, p. 124

Referensi

Gray, John. Liberalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995 ISBN 0-8166-2800-9
Alan Bullock & Maurice Shock (editors). The Liberal Tradition: From Fox to Keynes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Epstein, Richard A. (2014). The Classical Liberal Constitution: The Uncertain Quest for Limited Government. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674724891.
Hamowy, Ronald, ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Cato Institute. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.
Henry, Katherine. Liberalism and the Culture of Security: The Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric of Reform University of Alabama Press, 2011. Draws on literary and other writings to study the debates over liberty and tyranny.
Hunt, E. K. Property and Prophets: the Evolution of Economic Institutions and Ideologies. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2003 ISBN 0-7656-0608-9
Ishiyama, John T. and Breuning, Marijke. 21st Century Political Science: A Reference Handbook, Volume 1. London, UK: SAGE, 2010 ISBN 1-4129-6901-8
Markwell, Donald. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4
Mayne, Alan James. From politics past to politics future: an integrated analysis of current and emergent paradigms. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 ISBN 0-275-96151-6
Mills, John. A critical history of economics. Basingstoke, Hampshire UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 ISBN 0-333-97130-2
Richardson, James L. Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001 ISBN 1-55587-939-X
Turner, Michael J. British Politics in an Age of Reform. Manchester UK: Manchester University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-7190-5186-X, 9780719051869
Vincent, Andrew. Modern Political Ideologies (Third Edition). Chichester, W. Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009 ISBN 1-4051-5495-0, ISBN 978-1-4051-5495-6

[google.com-1] Modern Political Philosophy (1999), Richard Hudelson, pp. 37–38

[2] M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129

[3] Hamowy, p. xxix

[Steven_M._Dworetz_1994-4] Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution (1994)

[5] Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination (1992) p. 58

[6] Gerald F. Gaus and Chandran Kukathas, Handbook of Political Theory (2004) p. 422

[7] Hunt, p. 54

[8] Mayne, p. 124

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