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Kulit putih Amerika Latin

Untuk Orang keturunan Eropa dengan warisan budaya Hispanik/Latino yang tinggal di atau berasal dari Amerika Serikat, lihat Kulit putih Hispanik dan Latino Amerika.
Kulit putih Amerika Latin
Jumlah populasi
191.5 juta – 220.6 juta[1][2]
40.0% dari populasi Amerika Latin
  • Angka tidak termasuk wilayah-wilayah berbahasa Prancis, Belanda, dan Inggris di benua Amerika
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
 Brasil104 jt[3]
 Meksiko11.7jt–56jt[4][5][6][7][8]
 Argentina30jt–38jt[2][9]
 Kolombia8.4jt–18jt[2][10]
 Venezuela4.1jt–13jt[2][11][12]
 Chili8jt[2]
 Kuba4.1jt– 7.16jt[2][13]
 Peru7.175jt (20.5% dari populasi)[14]
 Kosta Rika3.3jt[2]
 Uruguay2.9jt[15]
 Paraguay1.1jt–2.1jt[16]
 Republik Dominika1.2jt– 1.6jt[2][17]
 Puerto Riko0.56jt[18]
 Ekuador1.3jt[2]
 Bolivia1.2jt[2]
 El Salvador0.812jt[19]
 Nikaragua0.71jt[2][20]
 Guatemala0.455jt[2]
 Panama0.366jt[21]
 Honduras0.09jt[22]
Bahasa
Bahasa mayoritas
Spanyol dan Portugis
Bahasa minoritas
Italia, Prancis, Inggris, Jerman, Belanda, dan bahasa lainnya[23]
Agama
Mayoritas Kristen (terutama Katolik Roma, dengan minoritas Protestan),[24] Yudaisme
Kelompok etnik terkait
Mestizo, Spanyol, Portugis, Prancis, Italia, Rumania, Britania Raya, Irlandia, Jerman, Denmark, Norwegia, Belanda, Belgia, Swedia, Polandia, Ukraina, Rusia, Kroasia, Swiss, Hungaria, Yunani, Yahudi, Arab, Armenia

Kulit putih Amerika Latin atau Eropa Amerika Latin adalah orang Amerika Latin keturunan Eropa.[25]

Keturunan langsung dari pemukim Eropa yang tiba di benua Amerika selama periode kolonial dan pasca-kolonial dapat ditemukan di seluruh Amerika Latin. Kebanyakan imigran yang bermukim di wilayah ini selama lima abad terakhir adalah orang Spanyol dan Portugis; setelah kemerdekaan, kebanyakan imigran non-Iberia adalah orang Prancis, Italia, dan Jerman, diikuti oleh orang Eropa lainnya beserta orang Asia Barat (seperti orang Arab Levant dan Armenia).[26][27][28]

Meliputi 33% populasi hingga 2010, menurut beberapa sumber,[1][2][29] Kulit putih Amerika Latin merupakan ras-suku bangsa terbesar kedua setelah orang ras campuran di wilayah tersebut. Negara-negara Amerika Latin sering mentoleransi pernikahan antaretnis sejak dimulainya periode kolonial.[30][31] Kulit putih adalah identifikasi diri bagi banyak orang Amerika Latin di beberapa sensus nasional. Menurut survei yang diadakan oleh Cohesión Social di Amerika Latin, dilakukan pada sebuah sampel 10.000 orang dari tujuh negara di wilayah tersebut, hasilnya 34% orang yang diwawancarai mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai kulit putih.[32]

Lihat pula

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b CIA data from The World Factbook's Field Listing :: Ethnic groups and Field Listing :: Population, retrieved on May 09 2011. They show 191,543,213 whites from a total population of 579,092,570. For a few countries the percentage of white population is not provided as a standalone figure, and thus that datum is considered to be not available; for example, in Chile's case the CIA states "white and white-Amerindian 95.4%". Unequivocal data are given for the following: Argentina 41,769,726 * 97% white = 40,516,634; Bolivia 10,118,683 * 5% white = 505,934; Brazil 203,429,773 * 53.7% white = 109,241,788; Colombia 44,725,543 * 20% white = 8,945,109; Cuba 11,087,330 * 65.1% white = 7,217,852; Dominican Republic 9,956,648 * 16% white = 1,593,064; El Salvador 6,071,774 * 9% white = 546,460; Honduras 8,143,564 * 1% white = 81,436; Mexico 113,724,226 * 9% white = 10,235,180; Nicaragua 5,666,301 * 17% white = 963,272; Panama 3,460,462 * 10% white = 346,046; Peru 29,248,943 * 15% white = 4,387,342; Puerto Rico 3,989,133 * 76.2% white = 3,039,719; Uruguay 3,308,535 * 88% white = 2,911,511. Total white population in these countries: 191,543,213, i.e 33.07% of the region's population.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the 21st Century]. Convergencia (dalam bahasa Spanyol). 12 (38): 185–232. 
  3. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Igbe Brasil 2010
  4. ^ "The World Factbook: North America: Mexico". Central Intelligence Agency. 2020. Diakses tanggal 17 May 2020. 
  5. ^ "21 de Marzo Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial" pag.7, CONAPRED, Mexico, 21 March. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  6. ^ "Encuesta Nacional Sobre Discriminación en Mexico", "CONAPRED", Mexico DF, June 2011. Retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  7. ^ "Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial En México", CONAPRED, Mexico, 21 March 2011, retrieved on 28 April 2017.
  8. ^ Norris, Emily T.; Rishishwar, Lavanya; Wang, Lu; Conley, Andrew B.; Chande, Aroon T.; Dabrowski, Adam M.; Valderrama-Aguirre, Augusto; Jordan, I. King (2019-04-24). "Assortative Mating on Ancestry-Variant Traits in Admixed Latin American Populations". Frontiers in Genetics. 10: 359. doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.00359 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 1664-8021. PMC 6491930 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 31105740. 
  9. ^ Homburger, J. R.; Moreno-Estrada, A.; Gignoux, C. R.; Nelson, D.; Sanchez, E.; Ortiz-Tello, P.; Pons-Estel, B. A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, E.; Miranda, P.; Langefeld, C. D.; Gravel, S.; Alarcón-Riquelme, M. E.; Bustamante, C. D. (2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 4670080 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 26636962. 
  10. ^ "Colombia: A Country Study" (PDF). Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. The Library of Congress of the United States of America. 2010. hlm. 86–87. 
  11. ^ "Resultado Básico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 (Mayo 2014)" (PDF). Ine.gov.ve. hlm. 29. Diakses tanggal 8 September 2014. 
  12. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama ine.gob.ve
  13. ^ The Official 2012 Cuba Census Diarsipkan June 3, 2014, di Wayback Machine.
  14. ^ Abuhadba Rodrigues, Daniel (1 January 2007). "Inmigración Europea al Perú". Biblioteca Universitaria de la UNSAAC. 
  15. ^ "Uruguay: People and Society". CIA World Factbook. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2014. 
  16. ^ Pastore, Carlos (1972). La lucha por la tierra en el Paraguay: Proceso histórico y legislativo. Antequera. hlm. 526. 
  17. ^ "D.R.: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-26. 
  18. ^ "2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country". United States Census. Diakses tanggal 17 August 2021. 
  19. ^ "El Salvador-The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2021. 
  20. ^ Nuñez, Carolina; Baeta, Miriam; Sosa, Cecilia; Casalod, Yolanda; Ge, Jianye; Budowle, Bruce; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña (December 2010). "Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (4): 591–600. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21355. PMID 20721944. 
  21. ^ José Reyes Alveo. "Población panameña (página 2)". Monografias.com. Diakses tanggal 8 October 2017. 
  22. ^ "Honduras; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-21. 
  23. ^ More precisely, these are the chief languages of Latin America, as per CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Languages, accessed 2010-02-24.
  24. ^ The religious profile of the Latin American countries can be seen in CIA – The World Factbook – Field Listing :: Religions (accessed 2010-02-24). As such, it is not the religious profile of white Latin Americans in particular, but is a good indication of white religious affiliation in the region's white-majority countries, especially.
  25. ^ Chambers, Sarah C. (2003). "Little Middle Ground The Instability of a Mestizo Identity in the Andes, 18th and 19th centuries". Dalam Nancy P. Appelbaum. Race and Nation in Modern Latin American. University of North Carolina Press. This blending of culture and genealogy is also reflected in the use of the terms "Spanish" and "white". For most of the colonial period, Americans of European descent were simply referred to as "Spaniards"; beginning in the late 18th century, the term "blanco" (white) came into increasing but not exclusive use. Even those of presumably mixed ancestry may have felt justified in claiming to be Spanish (and later white) if they participated in the dominant culture by, for example, speaking Spanish and wearing European clothing.(p. 33) 
  26. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama britsa
  27. ^ Schrover, Marlou. "Migration to Latin America". Diakses tanggal 2010-02-24. [pranala nonaktif permanen]
  28. ^ CELADE (Organization) (2001). International migration and development in the Americas. Naciones Unidas, CEPAL/ECLAC, Population Division, Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre (CELADE). ISBN 9789211213287. 
  29. ^ Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (2004). "Las etnias centroamericanas en la segunda mitad del siglo XX" (PDF). Revista Mexicana del Caribe. IX (17). Diakses tanggal 2011-05-04. 
  30. ^ Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and SocietyAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan. Sage. hlm. 900. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2. In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos. The same applied to blacks and castas. Rather, the factor that distinguished the various social groups was their calidad ("quality"); this concept was related to an idea of blood as conferring status, but there were also other elements, such as occupation and marriage, that could have the effect of blanqueamiento (whitening) on people and influence their upward social mobility. 
  31. ^ Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and SocietyAkses gratis dibatasi (uji coba), biasanya perlu berlangganan. Sage. hlm. 1096. ISBN 978-1-4129-2694-2. The variation of racial groupings between nations is at least partially explained by an unstable coupling between historical patterns of colonization and miscegenation. First, divergent patterns of colonization may account for differences in the construction of racial groupings, as evidenced in Latin America, which was colonized primarily by the Spanish. The Spanish colonials had a longer history of tolerance of non-White racial groupings through their interactions with the Moors and North African social groups, as well as a different understanding of the rights of colonized subjects and a different pattern of economic development. 
  32. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama schwartzman

Bacaan lebih lanjut

  • Twinam, Ann. 2015. Purchasing whiteness: Pardos, mulattos, and the quest for social mobility in the Spanish Indies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Templat:Orang kulit putih

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