Hak janin

Hak janin (kadang disebut hak pralahir[1][2]) adalah hak moral atau hak ikhtiyari embrio maupun janin di bawah hukum kodrat dan sipil. Dalam bahasa Inggris, hak janin disebut [fetal rights] Galat: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (bantuan), yang mana istilah itu sendiri mulai digunakan secara luas setelah Roe v. Wade, yaitu keputusan kebijakan tahun 1973 melegalkan pengguguran kandungan di Amerika Serikat, walau pada akhirnya keputusan ini dilengserkan pada tahun 2022.[3][4] Konsep hak janin telah berkembang untuk mencakup persoalan gangguan penggunaan zat terlarang pada ibu, termasuk gangguan penggunaan alkohol dan opioid.[5] Sebagai tanggapan, kebanyakan piagam hak asasi manusia internasional "dengan jelas menolak klaim bahwa hak asasi manusia harus melekat sejak pembuahan atau kapan pun sebelum kelahiran."[6] Meski sebagian besar instrumen hak asasi manusia internasional tidak memuat ketentuan universal mengenai janin sebagai suatu pribadi, janin diberikan berbagai hak dalam konstitusi dan hukum perdata di beberapa negara.[7] Dalam bahasa Inggris, "hak janin" disebut [fetal rights] Galat: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (bantuan) dan "hak pralahir" disebut [prenatal rights] Galat: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (bantuan).

Terdapat yurisdiksi di mana anak-anak dalam tahap pralahir diberikan hak bahkan sebelum mereka mencapai tahap janin. Misalnya, di Italia, embrio telah dianggap sebagai subjek hukum setelah pembuahan dan bahkan sebelum implantasi (jika pembuahan terjadi secara buatan di luar rahim).[8]

Rujukan

  1. ^ De Jesús Castaldi, Ligia (2020). Abortion in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Legal Impact of the American Convention on Human Rights (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Notre Dame Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv19m634n. ISBN 978-0-268-10765-9. JSTOR j.ctv19m634n. Article 4(1) of the convention has been identified by international human rights experts as the most emphatic recognition of the prenatal right to life to date in international human rights law.
  2. ^ Sullivan, Shannon S. (1987). "Maternal Liability: Courts Strive to Keep Doors Open to Fetal Protection - But Can They Succeed" (PDF). UIC Law Review (dalam bahasa Inggris). 20 (4). University of Illinois Chicago. The essence of prenatal rights, in the context of a maternal duty of care, is the right to be born with a sound mind and body.
  3. ^ Marsh, FH (1997). "Abortion and the law: the Supreme Court, privacy, and abortion". Advances in Bioethics. 2: 107–23. PMID 12348324.
  4. ^ Benshoof, J (22 January 1998). "Sex, lies, and stereotypes". Reproductive Freedom News (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 2–3. PMID 12293725.
  5. ^ Erin N. Linder (2005). "Punishing prenatal alcohol abuse: the problems inherent in utilizing civil commitment to address addiction" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Illinois Law Review. Diarsipkan (PDF) dari versi aslinya tanggal 7 February 2016. Diakses tanggal 29 October 2015.
  6. ^ Copelon, Rhonda; Zampas, Christina; Brusie, Elizabeth; deVore, Jacqueline (January 2005). "Human Rights Begin at Birth: International Law and the Claim of Fetal Rights". Reproductive Health Matters (dalam bahasa Inggris). 13 (26): 120–129. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(05)26218-3. PMID 16291493. S2CID 33649988. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the foundation of human rights, the text and negotiating history of the "right to life" explicitly premises human rights on birth. Likewise, other international and regional human rights treaties, as drafted and/or subsequently interpreted, clearly reject claims that human rights should attach from conception or any time before birth. They also recognise that women's right to life and other human rights are at stake where restrictive abortion laws are in place.
  7. ^ Boland, Reed; Katzive, Laura (September 2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998-2007". International Family Planning Perspectives (dalam bahasa Inggris). 34 (3): 110–120. doi:10.1363/3411008. PMID 18957353.
  8. ^ "Legge 19 febbraio 2004, n 40 'Norme in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita'". Parlamento Italiano (dalam bahasa Italia). Diakses tanggal 13 April 2024.

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