sw Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya

Uenezi wa wasemaji wa Kihindi-Kiulaya asilia kufuatana na nadharia ya Kurgan

Lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya ni jamii ya lugha iliyo kubwa kuliko zote duniani. Imekadiriwa kuna lugha hai 445 za jamii hiyo na wasemaji bilioni 3.2 katika mabara yote (46% za watu wote wa leo).

Uenezi huo umetokana hasa na historia ya ukoloni wa Kizungu uliopeleka lugha za Ulaya pande zote za dunia.

Lugha zenye wasemaji zaidi ya milioni 100 ni: Kihispania, Kiingereza, Kihindustani (Kihindi/Kiurdu), Kireno, Kibengali, Kipanjabi na Kirusi.

Nyingine zenye wasemaji zaidi ya milioni 50 ni: Kijerumani, Kifaransa, Kimarathi, Kiitalia na Kiajemi.

Jina la Kihindi-Kiulaya

Jina la Kihindi-Kiulaya limepatikana tangu karne ya 19. Wataalamu walitambua ya kwamba lugha za kale zinazotunzwa kimaandishi kama Kilatini, Kigiriki, Kisanskrit na Kiajemi cha Kale zinafanana kati yake pia na lugha nyingine za kisasa za Ulaya na Uhindi wa Kaskazini.

Lugha za jamii ya Kihindi-Kiulaya zinafanana katika msamiati na sarufi.

Nadharia ya asili na usambazaji

Inaaminika ya kwamba lugha hizo zilikuwa na asili moja katika lugha isiyojulikana tena ya Kihindi-Kiulaya asilia.

Wasemaji wake wanaaminiwa kuwa walisambaa takriban miaka 6,000 iliyopita kutoka sehemu za Asia ya Magharibi. Sehemu ilikwenda magharibi na kuingia Ulaya, sehemu nyingine ilikwenda Uajemi na Bara Hindi.

Kuna nadharia mbalimbali kuhusu historia hiyo.

Kati ya lugha hizo kuna zifuatazo:

( † inamaanisha ya kwamba lugha hii haina wasemaji tena kama lugha hai)

Kialbania
Lugha za Kianatolia †
Kiarmenia
Lugha za Kibalti-Kislavoni
- Kislavoni cha Mashariki (k.m. Kirusi, Kiukraine)
- Kislavoni cha Magharibi (k.m. Kipolandi, Kicheki, Kislovakia)
- Kislavoni cha Kusini (k.m. Kibulgaria, Kiserbia, Kikroatia)
- Kibalti (k.m. Kilituania na Kilatvia)
Lugha za Kigermanik
- Kigermanik cha Kaskazini (k.m. Kiswidi, Kidenmark, Kinorwei, Kiiceland)
- Kigermanik cha Mashariki †
- Kigermanik cha Magharibi (k.m. Kiingereza, Kijerumani, Kiholanzi, Kiafrikaans)
Kigiriki
Lugha za Kihindi-Kiajemi (ndilo kundi kubwa, likiwa na lugha hai 313)
- Lugha za Kihindi-Kiarya (k.m. Kisanskrit †, Kihindi, Kiurdu)
- Kiajemi (k.m. Kiajemi cha Kale, Kiajemi, Kidari, Kikurdi)
- Lugha za Kinuristani
Lugha za Kiitalia
- Lugha za Kirumi (k.m. Kilatini †, Kiitalia, Kifaransa, Kihispania, Kireno, Kiromania)
- Lugha za Kiumbria †
Lugha za Kiselti (k.m. Kiskoti, Kiwelisi, Kieire)
Lugha za Kitokari †

Marejeo

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Marejeo mengine

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Viungo vingine

Hazinadata

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Leksimu

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