^Stubbs, Alan E. and Falk, Steven J. (1983). British Hoverflies: An Illustrated Identification Guide. British Entomological & Natural History Society. pp. 253, xvpp
^ abcdefWilliamson, Samuel W. (1886) Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, (31): i-xxx, 1-335, 12 pls, pp.107-108