Xiaofeng Cao was born and grew up in Beijing.[1] She was interested in the sciences from a young age, and knew she wanted to be a scientist since she was in middle school.[2] She attended Peking University, graduating in 1988 with a bachelor's degree in applied biochemistry. She graduated from China Agricultural University in 1991 with a master's degree in biochemistry, and from Peking University once more in 1997 for her PhD.[1] Her doctoral advisor was Chen Zhangliang.[3]
As of 2020, Cao is the Distinguished Professor in the Chinese Academy of Sciences – John Innes Centre (CAS-JIC) Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEPAMS). She is also the head of the Center for Genome Biology within the CAS Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology.[2] She has been part of the editorial boards of several journals, including Journal of Genetics and Genomics, The Plant Cell, Annual Review of Plant Biology, Science China Life Sciences, National Science Review, and Current Opinion in Plant Biology.[2][4]