User:Maunus/RIdraft


Background

Colonial scientific racism and claims of white superiority, Galton and intelligence testing

History of Research

    • The Army Tests (a short paragraph)
      • Yerkes/Terman/Brigham/Shuey - Boas/Myrdal/Benedict&Weltfish/Bond - civil rights and desegregation
    • Arthur Jensen (a short paragraph)
      • How much can we boost - Jensenism debates - emergence of London school of IQ difference research vs. social constructionist psychology - G/Spearman vs. multiple intelligences, , Shockley, Pioneer fund,
    • The Minnesota Adoption study (a couple of paragraphs)
      • Findings + critiques (lack of control of environmental factors (prenatal environment and role of race phenotype on life experience))
    • Mismeasure of Man (not more than a line)
      • Arguments + critiques (ideologically motivated and misrepresenting data)
    • The Bell Curve debates (a couple of paragraphs)
      • Arguments + critiques - APA report, "mainstream science"
    • The Flynn Effect(a couple of paragraphs)
      • Findings by Flynn + differing explanations (Flynn, Neisser, Rushton/Jensen)
    • National IQ studies (a paragraph)
      • Findings/Claims by Lynn/Vanhanen + critiques (Wicherts et al.)

Main Concerns and Questions

    • What do IQ tests measure?
      • What is intelligence and IQ?: Spearman's hypothesis/G, multiple intelligences, cross-cultural intelligence, Jensen, Hunt, Sternberg
      • Fluid/Crystallized,
    • What is race? Social construction, genetic ancestry: Kaplan, Hunt/Carlson, Tang et al.
    • What are the genetic influences on IQ?: individual within-group heritability high (but of variable size in different groups), difficult to correct for environmental effects, no gene/race/intelligence links discovered, hardly any known relations between polymorphisms and intelligence in normal range
      • Adoption, admixture - problems with both (not correcting for environment)
    • What are the environmental influences on IQ?
      • Nutrition & Health, SES/class, Stereotype threat, literacy/education/prior experience, stress, all have been shown to affect the gap in different ways.
    • What are the relative contributions of genes and environment to the IQ gap?
      • 80% genes (because of high individual heredity) (Rushton/Jensen/Lynn), 50/50(or agnostic) (Hunt? Deary? Loehlin? Neisser? Ceci? who else?), probable 100% environment (Flynn, Nisbett, Aronson, Dickens, Turkheimer, Halpern, Fagan, Marks (Sternberg?))
    • Is it ethically defensible to study Race and IQ?
      • Rose/Kamin/Lewontin/Flynn/Hunt/Jensen

Current research agendas

    • Finding environmental causes for the gap
    • Finding links between genes and intelligence, and between genes and populations

Bibliography

Alland, Alexander, Jr (2002). Race in Mind. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 79–80.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Aronson, E; Wilson, TD; Akert, AM (2005). Social Psychology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-178686-5.
Brace, C Loring (1999). "An Anthropological Perspective on 'Race' and Intelligence: The non-clinal nature of human cognitive capabilities". Journal of Anthropological Research. 55 (2): 245–64. doi:10.1086/jar.55.2.3631210. JSTOR 3631210.
Brace, C. Loring (2005). Race is a four letter word. Oxford University Press. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-19-517351-2.
Ceci, SJ; Williams, WM (2009). "Darwin 200: Should scientists study race and IQ? Yes: the scientific truth must be pursued". Nature. 457 (7231): 788–789. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..788C. doi:10.1038/457788a. PMID 19212385.
Dickens, William T; Flynn, James R (2001). "Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved". Psychological Review. 108 (2): 346–69. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346. PMID 11381833.
Dickens, William T; Flynn, James R (2006). "Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples" (PDF). Psychological Science. 16 (10): 913–20. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x. PMID 17100793.
Daley, Christine E.; Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. (2011). "Chapter 15: Race and Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–306. ISBN 9780521739115. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Fischer, Claude S; Hout, Michael; Sánchez Jankowski, Martín; Lucas, Samuel R; Swidler and, Ann; Vos, Kim (1996). Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton University Press. pp. 191–2.
Fish, Jefferson M (2002). "Folk Heredity". In Fish, Jefferson M (ed.). Race and Intelligence: Separating Myth from Reality. Laurence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 95, 113. ISBN 0-8058-3757-4.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York, London: Norton. ISBN 0-393-30056-0.
Graves, Joseph L. (2001). The Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium (Kindle ed.). Rutgers University Press. ASIN B000SARS70.
Herrnstein, Richard J; Murray, Charles (1994). The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-914673-9.
Hunt, Earl; Carlson, Jerry (2007). "Considerations relating to the study of group differences in intelligence". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 194–213. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x. PMID 26151960.
Jensen, Arthur R (1969). "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?". Harvard Educational Review. 39: 1–123. doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7.
Lynn, Richard; Vanhanen, Tatu (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X.
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: new findings and theoretical developments" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (2): 130–159. doi:10.1037/a0026699. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22233090. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin" (PDF). American Psychologist. 67 (6): 503–504. doi:10.1037/a0029772. ISSN 0003-066X. PMID 22963427. Retrieved 22 July 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Plotnik, Rod; Kouyoumdjian, Haig (2011). "Intelligence". Introduction to Psychology. Cengage Learning.
Schacter, Daniel; Gilbert, Daniel; Wegner, Daniel (2007). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7167-5215-8.
Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). "Race". Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Vol. 2. SAGE. p. 1091.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Sternberg, Robert J; Grigorenko, Elena L; Kidd, Kenneth K (2005). "Intelligence, Race, and Genetics" (PDF). American Psychologist. 60 (1): 46–59. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.46. PMID 15641921.
Sternberg, R. J.; Grigorenko, E. L. (2007). "The Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions in Writing an Article About the Difficulty of Escaping Preconceptions: Commentary on Hunt and Carlson (2007)". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 221–223. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00040.x. PMID 26151963.
Tang, H; Quertermous, T; Rodriguez, B; Kardia, SL; Zhu, X; Brown, A; Pankow, JS; Province, MA; Hunt, SC (February 2005). "Genetic structure, self-identified race/ethnicity, and confounding in case-control association studies". American Journal of Human Genetics. 7 (2): 268–75. doi:10.1086/427888. PMC 1196372. PMID 15625622.
Templeton, A. R. (2001), "The Genetic and Evolutionary Significance of Human Races", in Fish, J. M. (ed.), Race and Intelligence Separating Science from Myth, London: Routledge, pp. 31–55, ISBN 978-0805837575
Tucker, William H (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02762-0.
Suzuki, Lisa A.; Short, Ellen L.; Lee, Christina S. (2011). "Chapter 14: Racial and Ethnic Group Differences in Intelligence in the United States". In Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–292. ISBN 9780521739115. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Weiss, Lawrence G.; Chen, Hsinyi; Harris, Jossette G.; Holdnack, James A.; Saklofske, Donald H. (2010). "Chapter 4: WAIS-IV Use in Societal Context". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.). WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Alan S. Kaufman (Foreword). Amsterdam: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-375035-8. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Loehlin, John C. (2000). "Chapter 9: Group Differences in Intelligence". In Sternberg, Robert J. (ed.). Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–193. ISBN 978-0-521-59648-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Hunt, Earl; Carlson, Jerry (June 2007). "Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2 (2): 194–213. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x. PMID 26151960.
Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; van der Maas, Han L. J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans" (PDF). Intelligence. 38 (1). International Society for Intelligence Research: 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Neisser, Ulrich; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert; Sternberg, Robert J.; Urbina, Susana (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" (PDF). American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. ISSN 0003-066X. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Hunt, Earl (2011). Human Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70781-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
Mackintosh, N. J. (2011). IQ and Human Intelligence (second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958559-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lay-date= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.