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For example, resource systems like pastoral areas, fishing grounds, forest areas are storage variables.^[1] Under favorable conditions, they can maximize the flow without harming the total storage volume and the entire resource system. Different from the resource system, the resource unit is the amount that an individual occupies or uses from the resource system, such as the total amount of fish caught in a fishing ground, the amount of feed consumed by livestock in pastoral areas.^[2] A resource system allows multiple people or enterprise to produce at the same time, and the process of using common-pool resources can be performed simultaneously by multiple occupants. However, the resource unit cannot be used by multiple people or enterprises at the same time.^[1]

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A new proposal of the management of CPR is to develop autonomous organizations that are not completely privatized and controlled by government power, which led and supervised by the community to manage common-pool resources in addition to directly through the government and the free market.^[3] There are many factors that may affect the formation and development of these kinds of autonomous organizations.^[1] Effectively identifying the influencing factors of the autonomous management system of CPRs increasing the feasibility of the system, and it is more conducive to the sustainable use of resources as well.^[4]

In general, there are four variables that are very important for local common-pool resource management: (1) characteristics of the resource; (2) characteristics of the resource-dependent group; (3) institutional model of resource management; (4) the relationship between groups, external forces, and authorities.^[1]

The government, market and interest groups are all considered as external forces that have an impact on CPR management system. Changes in market demand for CPR, in particular, technological innovation increases productivity and lowers costs, which undermines the sustainability of the management system.^[3] In order to develop more resources, resource owners may seek to change the ownership of resources in the form of cooperation with the government, privatize CPR or even cancel the protection of CPR ownership by regulations. Such institutional changes prevent the implementation of policies that are beneficial to the majority of the population, while the power of the government and bureaucracy can be abused.^[1]

The community is responsible for supervising and administering CPR under an autonomous management system, the characteristics of a community can affect how CPR is managed.^[2] (1) the size of the community. The level of cooperation decreases as the number of community members grows; (2) Allocation mechanism for CPR. Encouraging the exploitation of the least used resources and reducing the exploitation of the most used resources will effectively increase the rate of resource supply and reduce the rate of resource consumption and individual demand. (3) Group identity. When people in a community have a strong sense of group identity, it helps to manage CPR within the community.^[5]

1. Ostrom, E. (2015). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Canto Classics). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316423936
2. Ostrom, E., Vincent E. (1977). "Public Goods and Public Choices". Alternatives for Delivering Public Services. 1st Edition, Routledge. eBook ISBN 9780429047978
3. Ostrom, Elinor; Gardner, Roy; Walker, James; Walker, James M.; Walker, Jimmy (1994). Rules, Games, and Common-pool Resources. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06546-2.
4. Elinor Ostrom (2008) The Challenge of Common-Pool Resources, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 50:4, 8-21, DOI: 10.3200/ ENVT.50.4.8-21 https://doi.org/10.3200/ENVT.50.4.8-21
5. Castilla-Rho J.C., Holley C., Castilla J.C. (2020) Groundwater as a Common Pool Resource: Modelling, Management and the Complicity Ethic in a Non-collective World. In: Valera L., Castilla J. (eds) Global Changes. Ethics of Science and Technology Assessment, vol 46. Springer, Cham.