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United Synagogue
The United Synagogue (US) is a union of British Orthodox Jewish synagogues, representing the central Orthodox movement in Judaism. With 56 congregations comprising 36,000+ members,[3] it is the largest synagogue body in Europe.[6] The spiritual head of the union is the Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth—a title that bears some formal recognition by the Crown. History The United Synagogue was mandated by an Act of Parliament in 1870,[1] granting formal recognition to a union of three London synagogues forged by Nathan Marcus Adler,[1] who bore the title of Chief Rabbi of the British Empire. Leaders of the organization included Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, who served as president in 1910. At the time of its inception, the United Synagogue was the dominant force in Jewish communal and religious organisation,[7] though the organisation lost some of its hegemony in the 1880s with mass immigration of Eastern European Jews, who brought with them strains of Hasidic Judaism, Reform Judaism, and Jewish secularism. In 1887, Jewish community leader Samuel Montagu created the Federation of Synagogues, which worked to unite Orthodox synagogues of Russian and other eastern European Jewish immigrants living in the slums of East London. Today, the Federation serves 21 synagogues,[8] and the United Synagogue, 56. There are other Orthodox synagogues unaffiliated with the United Synagogue in Britain, including Haredi, Chabad, and other shuls. In addition, there are congregations of Reform, Masorti, and Liberal Jews that are not included in the United Synagogue. Thus, today, the organisation represents roughly only 30% of all British Jewish congregants. Since 1990, centrist Orthodoxy has declined from 66% to 55% of religious Jews, but this decline has flattened out recently.[9] In 1970, the United Synagogue celebrated its centenary. Events included a special service held at the St. Johns Wood Synagogue, an exhibition of Jewish artifacts held at the Christies Auction Rooms, and a celebratory banquet held at the Dorchester Hotel in the presence of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. This was the first time that the Queen had attended an event held by the Anglo-Jewish community; the Duke of Edinburgh had previously attended the tercentenary commemoration of the return of Jews to England during the rule of Oliver Cromwell. Over time, the United Synagogue has closed synagogues in areas of Jewish decline, including many grand cathedral-type synagogues, such as Bayswater (to make way for the Westway road), New Cross, Brixton (one of the very few large United Synagogues south of the Thames), the Great Synagogue, East London, Hammersmith, Cricklewood, Egerton Road, Lofting Road, and Dalston, while opening new synagogues in areas of Jewish growth, especially in the north-western suburbs of London, such as Borehamwood, Edgware, Barnet, and other communities. Seven of the present United Synagogue buildings feature the stained glass windows of the twentieth-century artist David Hillman;[10] the most extensive collection, with over 100 windows, is at the St. Johns Wood Synagogue. Some of the closed synagogues, such as Lofting Road or Dalston, were demolished and replaced by other buildings. Some were converted to different religious denominations, with Hammersmith now functioning as a church. In one case, the synagogue on Egerton Road was bought by a local Haredi group (Bobov) and still maintains a strong Jewish presence.[citation needed]  Much of the previous formality of the United Synagogue, such as the wearing of clerical canonicals by its clergy and waistcoats and top hats by its wardens, has disappeared. The synagogues use modern Hebrew vernacular for prayers. The Finchley (Kinloss) synagogue, one of the largest of the existing communities, holds an annual religious service to commemorate the Independence Day of the State of Israel, attended by the Chief Rabbi, the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom, and a senior member of His Majesty's government.[citation needed] The United Synagogue also owns a number of cemeteries throughout London. Some of these in the East End and West Ham have closed and are no longer in use. Willesden Jewish Cemetery, which includes the graves of many famous historical figures[example needed], is now the recipient of a heritage grant, while the cemeteries in Waltham Forest and Bushey continue to function. Bushey has recently consecrated a new section, which has reached the short list of the Stirling Prize for architecture in 2018, the first time a cemetery of any kind has been a candidate for this award.[citation needed] ActivitiesThe United Synagogue provides a number of religious services to the Orthodox community, including:
Activities are financed mostly from charitable donations and gifts, and from dues paid by member synagogues. Some revenues are generated from some £80 million in assets and investments (mostly synagogue buildings).[5] Jewish communityThe United Synagogue is one of 29 members of the Jewish Leadership Council, a British umbrella organisation.[11] It also elects deputies to the Board of Deputies of British Jews.[12] See alsoReferences
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