Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939 – May 24, 2023) was a singer, songwriter, and actress. Known as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll", she rose to prominence as the lead singer of the husband-wife duo Ike & Tina Turner before launching a successful career as a solo performer.
Bullock had two older sisters, Evelyn Juanita Currie and Ruby Alline Bullock, a songwriter.[24] She was the first cousin once removed of bluesman Eugene Bridges.[25] As young children, the three sisters were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee, to work at a defense facility during World War II.[20] Bullock went to stay with her strict, religious paternal grandparents, Alex and Roxanna Bullock, who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church.[20][26] After the war, the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville.[20] Two years later, the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community, where Bullock attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade.[27][28]
As a young girl, Bullock sang in the church choir at Nutbush's Spring Hill Baptist Church.[29][30] In 1950, when she was 11, her mother Zelma left without warning, seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd by relocating to St. Louis.[31] Two years after her mother left the family, her father married another woman and moved to Detroit. Bullock and her sisters were sent to live with their maternal grandmother, Georgeanna Currie, in Brownsville, Tennessee.[31] She stated in her autobiography I, Tina that she felt her parents did not love her and that she was not wanted.[32] Zelma had planned to leave Floyd but stayed once she became pregnant.[33] Bullock recalled: "She was a very young woman who didn't want another kid."[33]
As a teenager, Bullock worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family in Ripley, Tennessee.[34] She was at the Henderson house when she was notified that her half-sister Evelyn had died in a car crash alongside her cousins Margaret and Vela Evans, while Vela survived the car crash.[35][36] A self-professed tomboy, Bullock joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville, and "socialized every chance she got".[19][31] When Bullock was 16, her grandmother died, so she went to live with her mother in St. Louis. She graduated from Sumner High School in 1958.[37] After high school, Bullock worked as a nurse's aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.[38]
I would have been lost in my life at that point without him. I mean, I could do two things: work in a hospital or sing in Ike's band. I didn't know anything else. Or anyone else. And I wanted to sing.
Bullock and her sister began to perform frequently at nightclubs in St. Louis and East St. Louis.[31] She first saw Ike Turner perform with his band the Kings of Rhythm at the Club Manhattan in East St. Louis.[31] Bullock was impressed by his talent, recalling that she "almost went into a trance" watching him play.[40] She asked Turner to let her sing in his band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him.[30] Turner said he would call her but never did.[41] One night in 1956, Bullock got hold of the microphone from Kings of Rhythm drummer Eugene Washington during an intermission and she sang the B.B. Kingblues ballad, "You Know I Love You".[6][42] Upon hearing Bullock sing, Ike Turner asked her if she knew more songs. She sang the rest of the night and became a featured vocalist with his band.[43][42][44] During this period, he taught her the finer points of vocal control and performance.[43] Bullock's first recording was in 1958 under the name Little Ann on the single "Boxtop". She is credited as a vocalist on the record alongside Ike and fellow Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[45]
In 1960, Ike Turner wrote "A Fool in Love" for singer Art Lassiter. Bullock was to sing background with Lassiter's backing vocalists, the Artettes. Lassiter failed to show up for the recording session at Technisonic Studios.[46] Since Turner had already paid for the studio time, Bullock suggested that she sing the lead.[47][48] He decided to use Bullock to record a demo with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter's at a later date.[48][43] Local St. Louis disc jockey Dave Dixon convinced Turner to send the tape to Juggy Murray, president of R&B label Sue Records.[49][50] Upon hearing the song, Murray was impressed with Bullock's vocals, later stating that "Tina sounded like screaming dirt. It was a funky sound".[50] Murray bought the track and paid Turner a $25,000 advance for the recording and publishing rights.[50][51][52] Murray also convinced Turner to make Bullock "the star of the show".[52] Turner responded by renaming Bullock "Tina" because it rhymed with Sheena.[50][53] He was inspired by Sheena, Queen of the Jungle and Nyoka the Jungle Girl to create her stage persona.[54][55] Turner added his last name and trademarked the name "Tina Turner" as a form of protection; his idea was that if Bullock left him like his previous singers had, he could replace her with another "Tina Turner".[56] However, family and friends still called her Ann.[57][58]
Early success: 1960–1965
Ike & Tina Turner on the cover of Cash Box's June 30, 1962, issue
After the release of "A Fool in Love", Ike Turner created the Ike & Tina Turner Revue, which included the Kings of Rhythm and a girl group, the Ikettes, as backing vocalists and dancers. He remained in the background as the bandleader. Ike Turner put the entire revue through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States, performing 90 days straight in venues around the country.[64] During the days of the Chitlin' Circuit, the Ike & Tina Turner Revue built a reputation as "one of the hottest, most durable, and potentially most explosive of all R&B ensembles", rivaling the James Brown Revue in terms of musical spectacle.[65] Due to their profitable performances, they were able to perform in front of desegregated audiences in Southern clubs and hotels.[66]
Impressed by the duo's performance on The Big T.N.T. Show, Phil Spector was eager to produce Tina Turner.[76] Working out a deal with Ike & Tina Turner's manager Bob Krasnow, who was also head of Loma, Spector offered $20,000 for creative control over the sessions to produce Turner and have Ike & Tina Turner released from their contract with Loma.[15][77] They signed to Spector's Philles label in April 1966 after Tina Turner had already recorded with him.[78] Their first single on his label, "River Deep – Mountain High", was released in May 1966. Spector considered that record, with Turner's maximum energy over the "Wall of Sound", to be his best work.[79] It was successful overseas, reaching No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on Los 40 Principales in Spain,[80] but it failed to go any higher than No. 88 on the Billboard Hot 100.[81] The impact of the record gave Ike & Tina Turner an opening spot on the Rolling Stones UK tour in the fall of 1966.[82] In November 1967, Turner became the first female artist and the first black artist to appear on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.[83][84]
As the decade came to an end, Ike & Tina Turner began performing at music festivals.[89] Tina Turner's fashion evolved from formal dresses to minidresses and revealing outfits.[90] She emerged as a sex symbol and was praised for her sensual performances.[6][91]
The duo's 1973 hit single "Nutbush City Limits" (No. 22 Pop, No. 11 R&B), penned by Tina Turner, reached No. 1 in Austria, No. 4 in the UK, and the top 5 in several other countries.[104] It was certified silver by the BPI for selling a quarter of a million in the UK.[105] As a result of their success, they received the Golden European Record Award, the first ever given, for selling more than one million records of "Nutbush City Limits" in Europe.[106] Their follow-up hits included "Sweet Rhode Island Red", and "Sexy Ida" in 1974.[61]
By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Tina.[113] In 1976, they headlined at the Waldorf Astoria New York and signed a television deal with CBS-TV. Ike made plans for them to leave United Artists Records for a five-year deal with Cream Records for $150,000 per year; the deal was to be signed on July 5.[114]
On July 1, the Turners flew from Los Angeles to Dallas, where the revue had a gig at the Statler Hilton in downtown. The couple got into a physical altercation on their way to the hotel. Shortly after arriving, Tina fled from Ike with only 36 cents and a Mobil card to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.[115] She filed for divorce on July 27 and it was finalized on March 29, 1978.[116][117] After their separation, United Artists released two more albums credited to the duo: Delilah's Power (1977) and Airwaves (1978).[118][119]
Solo career
Early solo career: 1976–1982
In 1976 and 1977, Tina Turner earned income by appearing on TV shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny & Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show, and The Brady Bunch Hour.[120] After her separation from Ike, lawsuits were mounting for canceled Ike & Tina Turner gigs.[121][122] She resumed touring to pay off her debts, with finances given to her by United Artists executive Mike Stewart.[123] In 1977, she re-emerged with new costumes created by Bob Mackie.[124] She headlined a series of cabaret shows at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas and took her act to smaller venues in the United States.[125] Later that year, she embarked on her first solo concert tour in Australia.[126]
In 1978, Turner released her third solo album, Rough, on United Artists with distribution in North America and Europe on EMI. That album, along with its 1979 follow-up, Love Explosion, which included a brief diversion to disco music, failed to chart, so United Artists Records and Turner parted ways.[127] Without the premise of a hit record, she continued performing and headlined her second tour.[128]
In 1979, Australian manager Roger Davies agreed to manage Turner after seeing her perform at the Fairmont Hotel in San Francisco.[129] In early 1979, Turner worked in Italy as a regular performer on the Rete 1 TV series Luna Park, hosted by Pippo Baudo and Heather Parisi.[130] Later that year, she embarked on a controversial five-week tour of South Africa during the apartheid regime.[131] She later regretted the decision, stating that she was "naive about the politics in South Africa" at the time.[132]
In October 1981, Rod Stewart attended Turner's show at the Ritz in New York City and invited her to perform "Hot Legs" with him on Saturday Night Live.[133] In November, Turner opened for the Rolling Stones during their 1981 American Tour.[134] Turner performed in March 1982 in the Willem Ruis show (Netherlands), which resulted in the hit "Shame, Shame, Shame" (reaching No. 47 in the Netherlands). In 1982 Turner's recording of the Temptations' "Ball of Confusion" for the UK production team B.E.F. became a hit in European dance clubs.[135] In 1982, Turner also appeared on the album Music of Quality and Distinction Volume 1 by B.E.F., a side project of Heaven 17, singing "Ball of Confusion". She filmed a music video for "Ball of Confusion" that aired on the fledgling music video channel MTV, becoming one of the first black American artists to gain airtime on the channel.[136] Also in 1982, Turner appeared as a special guest on Chuck Berry's television special performed at The Roxy in West Hollywood.[137]
Career resurgence and superstardom: 1983–2000
Until 1983, Turner was considered a nostalgia act, performing mostly at hotel ballrooms and clubs in the United States.[138] During her second stint at the Ritz, she signed with Capitol Records in 1983.[139] In November 1983, she released her cover of Al Green's "Let's Stay Together", which was produced by B.E.F. It reached several European charts, including No. 6 in the UK.[140][141] In the US, the song peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 1 on Hot Dance Club Songs, and No. 3 on Hot Black Singles.[142]
Following the single's surprise success, Capitol Records approved a studio album. Turner had two weeks to record her Private Dancer album, which was released in May 1984.[138] It reached No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 in the United Kingdom.[143][144]Private Dancer was certified 5× Platinum in the United States,[145] and sold 10 million copies worldwide, becoming her most successful album.[146][147] Also in May 1984, Capitol issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It";[148] the song had previously been recorded by the pop group Bucks Fizz.[149] Following the album's release, Turner joined Lionel Richie as the opening act on his tour.[138]
On September 1, 1984, Turner achieved her first and only No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 with "What's Love Got to Do with It".[142] The follow-up singles "Better Be Good to Me" and "Private Dancer" were both US top 10 hits.[150] The same year, she duetted with David Bowie on a cover of Iggy Pop's "Tonight". Released as a single in November, it peaked at No. 53 in both the UK and the US.[151]
In 1990, Turner embarked on her Foreign Affair European Tour, which drew in nearly four million spectators—breaking the record for a European tour that was previously set by the Rolling Stones.[171] In October 1991 Turner released her first greatest hits compilation Simply the Best, which sold seven million copies worldwide.[172] The album is her biggest seller in the UK, where it is certified 8× Platinum with more than two million copies sold.[173]
Private Dancer was the beginning of my success in England and basically Europe has been very supportive of my music. ... [I am] not as big as Madonna [in the United States]. I'm as big as Madonna in Europe. I'm as big as, in some places [in Europe], as the Rolling Stones [sic].
In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[175] Ike Turner was incarcerated at the time and Tina Turner did not attend.[176] Turner stated through her publicist that she was taking a leave of absence following her tour and she felt "emotionally unequipped to return to the U.S. and respond to the night of celebration in the manner she would want".[177]Phil Spector accepted the award on their behalf.[178]
In 1993, the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It was released.[179] The film starred Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner; they received Best Actress and Best Actor Oscar nominations for their roles.[180] While she was not heavily involved in the film, Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording old songs and several new songs. The single "I Don't Wanna Fight" from the soundtrack was a top 10 hit in the US and UK.[181][182] In 1993 Turner embarked on her What's Love? Tour, which visited primarily North America with a few shows in Australasia and Europe.
In November 2004, Turner released All the Best, which debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 in 2005, her highest charting album in the United States.[188] The album went platinum in the US three months after its release and reached platinum status in seven other countries, including the UK.[189][190]
Turner made a public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards, where she performed alongside Beyoncé.[194][195] In addition, she won a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters. In October 2008, Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.[196][197] In support of the tour, Turner released a greatest hits compilation. The tour was a huge success and became one of the bestselling tours in history.[185] In 2009, Turner officially retired from performing.[198][199]
In 2009, Turner co-founded a global music foundation, Beyond Foundation,[200] with Swiss Christian musician Regula Curti and Swiss Tibetan Buddhist Dechen Shak-Dagsay. Turner co-released four albums of spiritual or uplifting music released through projects with Beyond: Buddhist and Christian Prayers (2009), Children (2011), Love Within (2014), and Awakening (2017). As of 2023, the Swiss Beyond Foundation remains active and enables the collaboration of musical artists from different parts of the world.[201]
In April 2010, mainly due to an online campaign by fans of Rangers Football Club, Turner's 1989 hit, "The Best", returned to the UK singles chart, peaking at No. 9. This made Turner the first female recording artist in UK chart history to score top 40 hits in six consecutive decades (1960s–2010s).[202] In 2011, Beyond's second album Children – With Children United in Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland. Turner promoted the album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland. In April 2013, Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine at the age of 73, becoming the oldest person to be featured on the cover of Vogue.[203] In February 2014, Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs.[198]
In December 2016 Turner announced that she had been working on Tina, a musical based on her life story, in collaboration with Phyllida Lloyd and Stage Entertainment.[204] The show opened at the Aldwych Theatre in London in April 2018 with Adrienne Warren in the lead role.[205] Warren reprised her role on Broadway in the fall of 2019.[206]
Turner received the 2018 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and her second memoir, My Love Story, was released in October 2018.[207][208] In 2020, she came out of retirement to collaborate with Norwegian producer Kygo on a remix of "What's Love Got to Do with It".[209] With this release, she became the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades in the UK.[210]
In October 2021, Turner sold her music rights to BMG Rights Management for an estimated $50 million, with Warner Music still handling distribution of her music.[214] Later that month, Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, accepting her award via satellite from her home near Zurich, Switzerland.[215]
Personal life
Relationships and marriages
Early relationships
While still in Brownsville, Turner fell in love for the first time with Harry Taylor.[216] They met at a high school basketball game. Taylor initially attended a different school, but he relocated to be near her.[217] In 1986, she told Rolling Stone: "Harry was real popular and had tons of girlfriends, but eventually I got him, and we went steady for a year."[218] Their relationship ended after she discovered that Taylor had married another girl who was expecting his child.[218]
After moving to St. Louis, Turner and her sister Alline became acquainted with Ike Turner's Kings of Rhythm. Alline was dating the band's drummer Eugene Washington and Bullock began dating the saxophonist Raymond Hill. After Turner became pregnant during her senior year of high school, she moved in with Hill, who lived with Ike Turner.[219] She recalled, "I didn't love him as much as I'd loved Harry. But he was good-looking. I thought, 'My baby's going to be beautiful.'"[218] Their relationship ended after Hill broke his ankle during a wrestling match with Kings of Rhythm singer Carlson Oliver.[220] Hill returned to his hometown of Clarksdale before their son Craig was born in August 1958, leaving Turner to become a single parent.[221][222]
Turner likened her early relationship with Ike Turner to that of a "brother and sister from another lifetime".[223] They were platonic friends from the time they met in 1956 until 1960. Their affair began while Ike was with his live-in girlfriend Lorraine Taylor.[224][225] They became intimate when she went to sleep with him after another musician threatened to go into her room.[218][223]
After recording "A Fool in Love" in 1960, a pregnant Turner told Ike that she did not want to continue their relationship; he responded by striking her in the head with a wooden shoe stretcher.[226] Turner recalled that this incident was the first time he "instilled fear" in her, but she decided to stay with him because she "really did care about him".[60] After the birth of their son Ronnie in October 1960, they moved to Los Angeles in 1962 and married in Tijuana. In 1963, Ike purchased a house in the View Park area.[227] They brought their son Ronnie, Turner's son Craig, and Ike's two sons with Lorraine (Ike Jr. and Michael) from St. Louis to live with them.[228][229] She later revealed in I, Tina that Ike was abusive and promiscuous throughout their marriage, which led to her suicide attempt in 1968 by overdosing on Valium pills.[30] She said, "It was my relationship with Ike that made me most unhappy. At first, I had really been in love with him. Look what he'd done for me. But he was totally unpredictable."[230] Later on, in his old age, Ike was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.[231]
By the mid-1970s, Ike was heavily addicted to cocaine, which hindered his relationship with Turner. She abruptly left Ike after they got into a bloody fight on their way to the Dallas Statler Hilton on July 1, 1976.[232][233] She fled with only 36 cents and a Mobil credit card in her pocket to the nearby Ramada Inn across the freeway.[234][235] On July 27, Turner filed for divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences.[236][237] Her divorce petition asked for $4,000 a month in alimony, $1,000 a month in child support, and custody of her sons Craig and Ronnie.[238] The divorce was finalized on March 29, 1978.[239] In the final divorce decree, Turner took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRSlien. Turner retained songwriter royalties from songs she had written, but Ike got the publishing royalties for his compositions and hers.[240] She also kept her two Jaguars, furs, jewelry, and her stage name.[240] Turner gave Ike her share of their Bolic Sound recording studio, publishing companies, and real estate, and he kept his four cars.[240] Several promoters lost money and sued to recoup their losses. For almost two years, she received food stamps and played small clubs to pay off debts.[117]
Ike Turner stated on several occasions that he was never officially married to Turner because he was legally married to another woman at the time of their ceremony.[241][242][243] However, they had a common-law marriage and still had to go through a formal divorce.[244] He also stated that her birth name was Martha Nell Bullock (not Anna Mae Bullock).[245] She signed her legal name as Martha Nell Turner on multiple contracts.[2][1]
In his autobiography Takin' Back My Name, Ike Turner stated: "Sure, I've slapped Tina. We had fights and there have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking. But I never beat her."[246] In a 1999 interview on The Roseanne Show, Roseanne Barr urged Ike to publicly apologize to Turner.[247] In 2007, Ike told Jet that he still loved her and he had written a letter apologizing for "putting her and the kids through that kind of stuff", but he never sent it.[248][249]
After his death on December 12, 2007, Turner issued a brief statement through her spokesperson: "Tina hasn't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years. No further comment will be made."[250] Turner's sister Alline still considered Ike her brother-in-law and attended his funeral.[251] Phil Spector criticized Tina Turner at the funeral.[252] Turner told The Sunday Times in 2018 that "as an old person, I have forgiven him, but I would not work with him. He asked for one more tour with me, and I said, 'No, absolutely not.' Ike wasn't someone you could forgive and allow him back in."[253][254][255]
Erwin Bach
In 1986, Turner met German music executive Erwin Bach, who was sent by her European record label (EMI) to greet Turner at Düsseldorf Airport.[256] Bach was over sixteen years her junior.[257] Initially friends, they began dating later that year. In July 2013, after a 27-year romantic relationship, they married in a civil ceremony on the banks of Lake Zurich in Küsnacht, Switzerland.[258]
Children
Turner had two biological sons: one with Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill, named Raymond Craig, born on August 20, 1958, and the other with Ike Turner, Ronald "Ronnie" Renelle Turner, born on October 27, 1960.[3][43] She also adopted two of Ike Turner's children, raising them as her own.[3] Turner was 18 years of age when she gave birth to her eldest son.[259] Ike Turner adopted Raymond Craig Hill, and changed his name to Craig Raymond Turner.[260] Craig was found dead in an apparent suicide in July 2018.[261]
Turner's younger son, Ronnie, played bass guitar in a band called Manufactured Funk with songwriter and musician Patrick Moten. Ronnie also played for both of his parents' bands.[262][263][264][265][266] Through him, Turner had two grandchildren.[3] He was married to French singer Afida Turner.[267] Ronnie died from complications of colon cancer in December 2022.[268]
During Turner's divorce trial, Ike sent their four sons to live with Tina and gave her money for one month's rent.[122][269] Ike Turner Jr. worked as a sound engineer at Bolic Sound and briefly for Turner after her divorce,[239] later winning a Grammy Award for producing his father's album Risin' with the Blues.[270] He toured with former Ikette Randi Love as Sweet Randi Love and the Love Thang Band.[271] Ike Turner Jr. stated that he and his brothers had a distant relationship with their mother (Tina).[265] Turner wrote in her autobiography I, Tina that after her divorce she became "a little bit estranged" from all her sons except Craig.[272] In 1989, Turner told TV Week that "she's still there for the boys",[273] but there were reports of Turner's estrangement from her sons in the years before her death.[274][275]
Religious beliefs
Turner sometimes referred to herself as a "Buddhist–Baptist", alluding to her upbringing in the Baptist church where her father was a deacon and her later conversion to Buddhism as an adult.[276] In a 2016 interview with Lion's Roar magazine, she declared, "I consider myself a Buddhist."[277] The February 15, 1979, issue of Jet magazine featured Turner with her Buddhist altar on the cover.[278] Turner credited the Liturgy of Nichiren Daishonin and Soka Gakkai International for her introduction to spiritual knowledge.[279][280]
Turner stated in her 1986 autobiography I, Tina that she was introduced to Nichiren Buddhism by one of Ike Turner's mistresses named Valerie Bishop, who taught her the chant nam-myōhō-renge-kyō in 1973.[281][282] Turner later stated in her 2020 spiritual memoir Happiness Becomes You that her son, Ronnie Turner, first suggested she might benefit from chanting.[283] Turner practiced Buddhism with her neighborhood Soka Gakkai International chanting group.[284] After chanting, Turner noticed positive changes in her life, which she attributed to her newfound spiritual practice. She said: "I realized that I had within me everyone I needed to change my life for the better."[281][284] During the hardest times of her life, Turner chanted four hours per day, and although in later life she no longer chanted as much, she still maintained a daily practice.[282] Turner likened Buddhist chanting to singing. She told Lion's Roar: "Nam-myoho-renge-kyo is a song. In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it. It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you. That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind. I believe that it is the highest place and, if you communicate with it, that is when you receive information on what to do."[277] Dramatizations of Turner chanting were included both in the 1993 film What's Love Got to Do with It and in the 2021 documentary film Tina.[285][286][287]
In 2013, Turner applied for Swiss citizenship,[294][295] stating she would renounce her citizenship in the United States.[296][297] The stated reasons for the relinquishment were that she no longer had any strong connections to the United States and "has no plans to reside" there in the future.[297] In April, she undertook a mandatory citizenship test which included advanced knowledge of German (the official language of the canton of Zurich) and of Swiss history. On April 22, 2013, she became a citizen of Switzerland and was issued a Swiss passport.[298] Turner signed the paperwork to relinquish her American citizenship at the US embassy in Bern on October 24, 2013.[297]
Turner's wealth was estimated at 225million Swiss francs (about US$250million) in 2022 by the Swiss business magazine Bilanz.[299]
Illness and death
Turner's home, Villa Algonquin in Küsnacht, Switzerland, two days after her death
Turner revealed in her 2018 memoir My Love Story that she had multiple life-threatening illnesses.[300] She had had high blood pressure since 1978, which remained mostly untreated, and resulted in damage to her kidneys and eventual kidney failure.[301] In 2013, three weeks after her wedding to Erwin Bach, she had a stroke and needed to learn to walk again.[301] In 2016, she was diagnosed with intestinal cancer.[301] She attempted to treat her health problems with homeopathy, which worsened her condition.[301]
Her chances of receiving a kidney transplant were considered low and she was urged to start dialysis. She signed up with an organization that facilitates assisted suicide, a procedure which is legal in Switzerland, becoming a member of Exit International.[302] However, her husband offered to donate a kidney for transplant.[11] She accepted his donation and had kidney transplantation surgery on April 7, 2017.[303] Turner also openly discussed her feeling of shame after discovering that she had dyslexia.[304]
On May 24, 2023, Turner died at her home in Küsnacht, Switzerland, aged 83, following years of illness.[305][306] Turner's body was cremated after a private funeral.[307]
Often referred to as "The Queen of Rock and Roll", Turner is considered one of the greatest singers of all time.[218][326][327] An article in The Guardian in 2018 noted her "swagger, sensuality, gravelly vocals and unstoppable energy",[328] while The New York Times in 1996 noted that she was known for the appearance of her legs.[329][330] Journalist Kurt Loder asserted that Turner's voice combined "the emotional force of the great blues singers with a sheer, wallpaper-peeling power that seemed made to order for the age of amplification".[328]Daphne A. Brooks, a scholar of African-American studies, wrote for The Guardian:[328]
Turner merged sound and movement at a critical turning point in rock history, navigating and reflecting back the technological innovations of a new pop-music era in the 60s and 70s. She catapulted herself to the forefront of a musical revolution that had long marginalized and overlooked the pioneering contributions of African American women and then remade herself again at an age when most pop musicians were hitting the oldies circuit. Turner's musical character has always been a charged combination of mystery as well as light, melancholy mixed with a ferocious vitality that often flirted with danger.
Turner holding certification plaques with Don Grierson
Turner previously held a Guinness World Record for the largest paying audience (180,000 in 1988) for a solo performer.[166][167] In the UK, Turner was the first artist to have a top 40 hit in seven consecutive decades; she has a total of 35 UK top 40 hits.[210] She sold over 100 million records worldwide, including certified RIAA album sales of 10 million.[331] As of May 2023, Turner has reportedly sold around 100 to 150 million records worldwide.[332][333][334]
Turner won a total of 12 Grammy Awards. These awards include eight competitive Grammy Awards;[62] she shares the record (with Pat Benatar, and with Sheryl Crow) for most awards (four) given for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance.[335] Three of her recordings, "River Deep – Mountain High" (1999), "Proud Mary" (2003), and "What's Love Got to Do with It" (2012) are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.[336] Turner is the only female artist to have won a Grammy in the pop, rock, and R&B fields.[337] Turner received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2018.[338] Turner also won Grammys as a member of USA for Africa and as a performer at the 1986 Prince's trust concert.
Turner's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame covered with flowers and tributes from her fans on May 28, 2023
Tina Turner star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in University City, Missouri
After her death, her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was covered with flowers from loving fans. Fans around the world paid respect with flowers and candles lit outside her home in Switzerland and outside London's Aldwych Theatre – the home of the musical Tina. Gloria Gaynor said Turner "paved the way for so many women in rock music, black and white". Turner was also praised by Mariah Carey and Oprah Winfrey as a "survivor" who overcame years of domestic abuse. Michelle and Barack Obama praised her for "singing her truth through joy and pain". The charity Women's Aid paid tribute with a quote from one of Turner's songs, saying: "She will always be simply the best."[340]
She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a duo with Ike Turner in 1991.[175] In 2005, Turner received the prestigious Kennedy Center Honors.[341] President George W. Bush commented on her "natural skill, the energy and sensuality",[342] and referred to her legs as "the most famous in show business".[343] Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Melissa Etheridge (performing "River Deep – Mountain High"), Queen Latifah (performing "What's Love Got to Do with It"), Beyoncé (performing "Proud Mary"), and Al Green (performing "Let's Stay Together"). Oprah Winfrey stated, "We don't need another hero. We need more heroines like you, Tina. You make me proud to spell my name w-o-m-a-n."[344] In 2021, Turner was inducted by Angela Bassett into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist.[215]Keith Urban and H.E.R. performed "It's Only Love", Mickey Guyton performed "What's Love Got to Do with It", and Christina Aguilera performed "River Deep – Mountain High".[215]
2013: Turner covered Vogue Germany, becoming the oldest person (aged 73) to cover Vogue magazine, surpassing Meryl Streep (aged 62) who covered American Vogue in 2012.[358]
2014: Turner was inducted into the Soul Music Hall of Fame.[359]
2015: Rolling Stone ranked Ike & Tina Turner No. 2 on their list of the 20 Greatest Duos of All Time.[360]
2015: Ike & Tina Turner were inducted into the St. Louis Classic Rock Hall of Fame.[361]
2021: Turner became a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee.[365]
2021: Turner received an honorary doctorate for her "unique musical and artistic life's work" from the Philosophical and Historical Faculty of the University of Bern.[366]
2022: Mattel released a Barbie doll in Turner's likeness to commemorate her single "What's Love Got to Do with It".[367]
2023: Rolling Stone ranked Turner No. 55 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.[368]
^ abFong-Torres, Ben (October 14, 1971). "Tales of Ike and Tina Turner". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
^Bock, Scott M. (April 2018). "Eugene 'Hideaway' Bridges". Living Blues. Vol. 49, no. 2. University, Mississippi: Center for the Study of Southern Culture. p. 31. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2020. But we ended up staying with my grandfather Jack Bullock. Anna Mae Bullock was Tina Turner. That was my mamma's cousin, so she is my second cousin.
^"Black History in St. Louis". The New York Times. May 10, 1992. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved December 11, 2007. ... Sumner High School, the first school west of the Mississippi for blacks established in 1875 (among graduates are Grace Bumbry, Arthur Ashe, and Tina Turner) ....
^Callahan, Michael. "The Sue Records Story". Both Sides Now. Mike Callahan. Archived from the original on December 29, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
^Palmer, Robert (October 28, 1981). "The Pop Life". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
^Lichtenfeld, Eric (2007). Action Speaks Louder: Violence, Spectacle, and the American Action Movie. Wesleyan University Press. p. 153. ISBN978-0-8195-6801-4.
^Turner & Loder 1986, p. 150: "On July 1, 1976 ... For the Ike and Tina Turner Revue ... the opening engagement, that festive weekend, was at a Hilton hotel in downtown Dallas."
^Cawthorne & Turner 1999, p. 180: "That Thursday morning, when the time came for us to go to Dallas to play."
^Turner & Loder 1986, p. 210: "He also claimed that he and Tina had never actually been married all those years ago—a point that, under California common law, was by now moot."
^"R&B Legend Ike Turner, 1931–2007". NPR. December 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018. At 8:06 in the interview, Turner corrects the host who says Tina's real name is Annie Mae Bullock. He says "No, her name is Martha Nell Bullock."
^"Grammy Hall of Fame". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. October 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"Lifetime Achievement Award". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. October 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^"Tina Turner". St. Louis Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 3, 2019.
^Rockwell, John (November 7, 1981). "POP: THE STONES AT PLAY". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits: The Inside Story Behind Every Number One Single on Billboard's Hot 100 from 1955 to the Present. Billboard Books. ISBN0-8230-7677-6.
Turner, Tina (2018). Tina Turner: My Love Story. Atria Books. ISBN9781501198243.
Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits: Complete Chart Information About America's Most Popular Songs and Artists, 1955–2003. Billboard Books. ISBN0-8230-7499-4.
Wynn, Ron (August 1, 1985). Tina: The Tina Turner Story. Collier Books. ISBN0-02007-780-7.
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