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The Golden Compass (film)
The Golden Compass is a 2007 fantasy adventure film film written and directed by Chris Weitz that is based on the 1995 novel Northern Lights by Philip Pullman, the first installment in Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, which was published as The Golden Compass in the United States. It stars Dakota Blue Richards as Lyra Belacqua, Nicole Kidman as Marisa Coulter, and Daniel Craig as Lord Asriel, alongside Sam Elliott, Ian McKellen, and Eva Green. In the film, Lyra joins a race of water-workers and seafarers on a trip to the far North in search of children kidnapped by the Gobblers, a group supported by the world's rulers, the Magisterium. Development on the film was first announced in February 2002, but difficulties over the screenplay and the selection of a director (including Weitz departing and returning) caused significant delays. Richards was cast as Lyra in June 2006, with Kidman and Craig joining soon thereafter. Principal photography began that September and lasted for several months, with filming locations including Shepperton Studios and also on location throughout England, Switzerland, and Norway. With a production budget of US$180 million, it is one of New Line Cinema's most expensive films,[3] and prior to release, the film faced criticism from secularist and religious organisations due to the source material's anti-religious themes, which caused several changes to the film in post-production.[4] The Golden Compass premiered in London on 27 November 2007, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom by Entertainment Film on 5 December and in the United States by New Line Cinema on 7 December. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for the casting and visual effects, but criticism for its pacing, characterization, and screenplay, drawing unfavorable comparisons to Pullman's novel. The Golden Compass has grossed $372 million worldwide but was a box office disappointment in North America which directly contributed to New Line Cinema's 2008 restructuring.[5] The film won Best Visual Effects at the 80th Academy Awards and Best Special Visual Effects at the 61st British Academy Film Awards. PlotOn an alternative retro-futuristic Earth, a powerful church called the Magisterium strictly controls the people's beliefs and teachings, under the auspices of the Authority. Here, every person's soul or guiding spirit exists outside the body as their own animal companion, a dæmon, and they must remain in close physical proximity. When young, people’s dæmons change form reflecting their moods, but on puberty the dæmons settle into one form thereafter. Lyra Belacqua is an orphan raised at Jordan College in Oxford with her dæmon Pantalaimon or "Pan". Her uncle is Lord Asriel, a noted explorer and scholar of the college, but often long absent on expeditions. When he returns from seeking the elusive Dust — cosmic particles that the Magisterium forbids being mentioned — Lyra saves him from drinking wine spiked with poison by a visiting Magisterium agent, Fra Pavel. Afterwards, Asriel presents his discovery that Dust at the North Pole links to infinite worlds. He is granted funding for another expedition though, if proven, his theory would undermine the Magisterium's control. Kidnappers called "the Gobblers" have been abducting poor and wandering children, including Lyra's best friends, a college kitchen boy, Roger Parslow and Billy Costa, a young Gyptian. Mrs Coulter, a wealthy "friend" of the college, invites Lyra to stay with her in London. Just before she leaves, the Master of the college entrusts Lyra with her uncle's alethiometer — the titular golden compass — an artefact that reveals the truth, warning her to keep it secret. Lyra's enchantment with the sophisticated life in London soon evaporates when Mrs Coulter's congenial manner changes to become domineering after Lyra boasts of knowing about Dust. Lyra secretly searches her study and discovers she is the head of the General Oblation Board, realising they are the Gobblers, who have abducted Roger and Billy. After Mrs Coulter's golden monkey dæmon attempts to steal the alethiometer, she and Pan escape into London’s backstreets. Lyra is soon spotted by the Gobblers and is captured. A band of Gyptians led by Ma Costa, Billy's mother, save Lyra from the Gobblers and she is taken to the Gyptian king John Faa. Lord Faa is leading an army of Gyptians in sailing north to Trollesund in Norwegian Lapland in search of their abducted children. Gyptian elder Farder Coram recognizes the alethiometer that, with his guidance, Lyra discovers she can decipher. Serafina Pekkala, queen of one of the witch clans, flies to the Gyptian ship and tells Lyra the children are a week’s travel from Trollesund in a Magisterial experimental station at Bolvangar in Lapland. In league with the Magisterium, Mrs Coulter sends two venomous mechanical spy-flies after Lyra; one is caught by Farder Coram and sealed in a tin, but the other escapes, damaged, to relay Lyra’s position to Mrs Coulter. Asriel reaches Svalbard, the Kingdom of the Ice Bears, but is captured by Samoyed tribesmen hired by Mrs Coulter, and imprisoned by the Ice Bears’ king, Ragnar Sturlusson, who had usurped the throne by poisoning the old king. At Trollesund, Lyra befriends Texan aeronaut Lee Scoresby, who suggests she hire him and his friend Iorek Byrnison, an armoured bear that he has come to rescue. Once a prince of the ice bears, Iorek was defeated in a fight and exiled in shame, and then the townspeople got him drunk to trick him out of his armour. Farder and Lyra find him in a sorry state behind a bar, then Lyra uses the alethiometer to help Iorek recover his armour from the Magisterium and so, in her debt, he with Scoresby join the Gyptian trek to Bolvangar. Following directions from the alethiometer, Lyra side-tracks from the trek, with Iorek’s help, to an abandoned lakeside fishing hut and finds Billy Costa in a stupor clutching a dried fish in place of his dæmon. The Gobblers have experimented on him using "intercision", a procedure that surgically separates him from his dæmon. They all return to the Gyptian camp who express relief for the rescue mixed with condemnation for the hurt done. Soon afterwards the camp is attacked by Samoyeds who capture Lyra. She is taken to the Ice Bear king, Ragnar, with Iorek and Lee in pursuit in Lee's hot air balloon. By claiming to be a dæmon, Lyra tricks Ragnar into single combat with Iorek, knowing otherwise he would not stand a chance of rescuing her. Ragnar has the upper hand until Iorek feigns weakness and kills him, reclaiming the throne. The bear renames Lyra as Silvertongue, forever in her debt. Iorek carries Lyra to Bolvangar but she is forced to cross a chasm over a narrow ice bridge alone before it collapses. Reaching the experimental station, Lyra reunites with Roger. Lyra secretly overhears scientists are experimenting to sever children from their dæmons and Mrs Coulter says that Asriel will soon be taken by the Magisterium to be executed for heresy. Caught by the scientists, Lyra and Pan are thrown into the intercision chamber, but are rescued by Mrs Coulter before the intercision is completed. She explains to Lyra that the Magisterium believe intercision protects children from Dust's corrupting influence, when their dæmon’s form settles, but it is still experimental. Mrs Coulter admits she could not let Lyra be intercised as she is her mother, who had been forced to give her up, and then Lyra realises Asriel is her father. Mrs Coulter asks for the alethiometer, but Lyra gives her the sealed tin containing the spy-fly, which when released stings her mother into unconsciousness. Lyra flees her mother and destroys the intercision machine, then leads the all the children, primed ready by Roger, outside where they are confronted by Tatar mercenary guards and their wolf dæmons. In a big battle, the guards are defeated by Iorek, Scoresby, and the Gyptians, with the witches led by Serafina flying in to turn the tide in their favour. With the freed children safe, Scoresby flies in his hot air balloon Lyra, Roger, Iorek, and Serafina north in search of Asriel. Serafina relates a prophecy of Lyra at its crux in an up-coming war with Magisterium, plotting to inflict their controlling Authority over all other worlds in the multiverse. Lyra commits to fight against the Magisterium. Cast
Voice cast
ProductionDevelopment
On 11 February 2002, following the success of New Line's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the studio bought the rights to Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy. In July 2003, Tom Stoppard was commissioned to write the screenplay.[7] Directors Brett Ratner and Sam Mendes expressed interest in the film,[7] but a year later, Chris Weitz was hired to direct after approaching the studio with an unsolicited 40-page treatment.[14] The studio rejected the script, asking Weitz to start from scratch. Since Weitz was an admirer of Stoppard's work, he decided not to read the adaptation in case he "subconsciously poached things from him."[15] After delivering his script, Weitz cited Barry Lyndon and Star Wars as stylistic influences on the film.[7] In 2004, Weitz was invited by The Lord of the Rings director Peter Jackson onto the set of King Kong (2005) in order to gather information on directing a big-budget film, and to receive advice on dealing with New Line Cinema, for whom Jackson had worked on Lord of the Rings. After a subsequent interview in which Weitz said the novel's attacks on organised religion would have to be softened, he was criticised by some fans,[6] and on 15 December 2004, Weitz resigned as director of the trilogy, citing the enormous technical challenges of the epic.[7] He later indicated that he had envisioned the possibility of being denounced by both the book's fans and its detractors, as well as a studio hoping for another Lord of the Rings.[6] On 9 August 2005, British director Anand Tucker took over from Weitz. Tucker felt the film would thematically be about Lyra "looking for a family",[7] and Pullman agreed: "He has plenty of very good ideas, and he isn't daunted by the technical challenges. But the best thing from the point of view of all who care about the story is his awareness that it isn't about computer graphics; it isn't about fantastic adventures in amazing-looking worlds; it's about Lyra."[16] Tucker resigned on 8 May 2006, citing creative disagreements with New Line, and Weitz returned to direct.[7] Weitz said "I'm both the first and third director on the film ... but I did a lot of growing in the interim."[17] According to producer Deborah Forte, Tucker wanted to make a smaller, less exciting film than New Line wanted. New Line production president Toby Emmerich said of Weitz's return: "I think Chris realised that if he didn't come back in and step up, maybe the movie wasn't going to get made ... We really didn't have a Plan B at that point."[14] Weitz was attracted back to the project after receiving a letter from Pullman asking him to reconsider. Since his departure, blueprints, production design and visual effects strategies had been put into position, and while Weitz admitted that his fears did not vanish, the project suddenly seemed feasible for the director.[6] FilmingFilming began at Shepperton Studios on 4 September 2006,[7] with additional sequences shot in Switzerland and Norway.[14] Filming also took place at the Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich,[18] Chiswick House in London, and in Radcliffe Square, Christ Church, Oxford, Exeter College, Oxford, The Queen's College, Oxford, The Historic Dockyard Chatham[19] and Hedsor House in Buckinghamshire. DesignProduction designer Dennis Gassner says of his work on the film:
Rhythm and Hues Studios created the main dæmons and Framestore CFC created all the bears.[22] British company Cinesite created the secondary dæmons.[23] Differences from the novelNumerous scenes from the novel did not feature in the film or were markedly changed. On 7 December 2007, New York magazine reviewed draft scripts from both Stoppard and Weitz; both were significantly longer than the final version, and Weitz's draft (which, unlike Stoppard's, did not feature significant additions to the source material) was pronounced the best of the three. The magazine concluded that instead of a "likely three hours of running time" that included such scenes as Mrs. Coulter's London party and Lyra's meeting with a witch representative, the studio had opted for a "failed"[clarification needed] length of under 2 hours in order to maximize revenue.[24] On 9 October 2007, Weitz revealed that the final 3 chapters from Northern Lights had been moved to the film's potential sequel, The Subtle Knife, in order to provide "the most promising conclusion to the first film and the best possible beginning to the second,"[25] though he also said less than a month later that there had been "tremendous marketing pressure" to create "an upbeat ending."[26] (The San Francisco Chronicle found this "truncated" ending abrupt.[27]) Author Pullman publicly supported these changes, saying that "every film has to make changes to the story that the original book tells—not to change the outcome, but to make it fit the dimensions and the medium of film."[28] In addition to removing the novel's unsettling ending, the film reverses the order in which Lyra travels to Bolvangar, the Gobbler's outpost, and then Svalbard, the armoured bears' kingdom.[29] (Neither deviation from the book features in Scholastic Publishing's The Golden Compass: The Story of the Movie novelisation.) In July 2009, Weitz told a Comic Con audience that the film had been "recut by [New Line], and my experience with it ended being quite a terrible one";[4] he also told Time magazine that he had felt that by "being faithful to the book I was working at odds with the studio."[30] Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club argued that through the use of a spoken introduction and other exposition-filled dialogue, the film fails by "baldly revealing up front everything that the novel is trying to get you to wonder about and to explore slowly."[29] Youyoung Lee wrote in a December 2007 Entertainment Weekly that the film "leaves out the gore", such as the book's ritualistic heart-eating that concludes the bear fight, "to create family-friendlier fare."[31] Lee also said that the film "downplays the Magisterium's religious nature", but Robinson argued that the depiction of the church in the film is as "a hierarchical organisation of formally robed, iconography-heavy priests who dictate and define morality for their followers, are based out of cathedrals, and decry teachings counter to theirs as 'heresy.' ... doing ugly things to children under cover of secrecy." Robinson then asks, "Who are most people going to think of besides the Catholic Church?"[29] Although the character of Mrs. Coulter has black hair in the novel, Pullman responded to the blonde Kidman's portrayal by saying, "I was clearly wrong. You sometimes are wrong about your characters. She's blonde. She has to be."[32] ControversiesSeveral key themes of the novels, such as the rejection of religion and the abuse of power in a fictionalised version of the Church, were diluted in the adaptation. Director Weitz said that "in the books the Magisterium is a version of the Catholic Church gone wildly astray from its roots", but that the organisation portrayed in his film would not directly match that of Pullman's books. Instead, the Magisterium represents all dogmatic organisations.[33] Attempting to reassure fans of the novels, Weitz said that religion would instead appear in euphemistic terms, yet the decision was criticised by some fans,[34] anti-censorship groups, and the National Secular Society (of which Pullman is an honorary associate), which said "they are taking the heart out of it, losing the point of it, castrating it ..."[35] and "this is part of a long-term problem over freedom of speech." The Atlantic wrote: "With $180 million at stake, the studio opted to kidnap the book's body and leave behind its soul."[36] The changes from the novel have been present since Tom Stoppard's rejected version of the script,[14] and Pullman expected the film to be "faithful",[33] although he also said: "They do know where to put the theology and that's off the film."[36] A Christianity Today review of the film noted that "'Magisterium' does refer, in the real world, to the teaching authority of the Catholic Church, and the film [is] peppered with religiously significant words like 'oblation' and 'heresy'", adding that when one character smashes through the wall of a Magisterium building, the damaged exterior is "decorated with [Christian] Byzantine icons."[37] On 7 October 2007, the Catholic League called for a boycott of the film.[38] League president William A. Donohue said he would not ordinarily object to the film, but that while the religious elements are diluted from the source material, the film will encourage children to read the novels, which he says denigrate Christianity and promote atheism for children.[39] He cited Pullman telling The Washington Post in 2001 that he is trying to undermine the basis of Christian belief.[40] The league hoped that "the film [would fail] to meet box-office expectations and that [Pullman's] books attract few buyers",[41] declaring the boycott campaign a success after a North American opening weekend which was lower than anticipated.[42] Albert Mohler, the president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, agreed that the broad appeal of the film was a dangerous lure to the novels, which he criticised for carrying a clear agenda to expose what Pullman believes is the "tyranny of the Christian faith" and for providing "a liberating mythology for a new secular age."[43] Denny Wayman of the Free Methodist Church made the assertion that The Golden Compass is a "film trying to preach an atheistic message."[44] Other evangelical groups, such as the Christian Film and Television Commission, adopted a "wait-and-see" approach to the film before deciding upon any action,[45] as did the Catholic Church in England and Wales.[46] Theologian Donna Freitas argued that the books were "deeply theological, and deeply Christian in their theology".[47] In November 2007, a review of the film by the director and staff reviewer of the Office for Film and Broadcasting of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) appeared on the website of the Catholic News Service and in Catholic newspapers across the country. The review suggested that instead of a boycott, it may be appropriate for Catholic parents to "talk through any thorny philosophical issues" with their children.[48] However, on 10 December 2007 the review was removed from the website at the USCCB's request.[49] On 19 December 2007, the Vatican newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, published an editorial in which it denounced the film as godless.[50] Pullman said of Donohue's call for a boycott, "Why don't we trust readers? Why don't we trust filmgoers? Oh, it causes me to shake my head with sorrow that such nitwits could be loose in the world."[46] In a discussion with Donohue on CBS's Early Show, Ellen Johnson, president of American Atheists, said that rather than promote atheism, the film would encourage children to question authority, saying that would not be a bad thing for children to learn.[51] Director Weitz says that he believes His Dark Materials is "not an atheistic work, but a highly spiritual and reverent piece of writing",[34] and Nicole Kidman defended her decision to star in the film, saying that the source material had been "watered down a little" and that her religious beliefs would prevent her from taking a role in a film she perceived as anti-Catholic.[17] Some commentators indicated that they believed both sides' criticism would prove ultimately impotent and that the negative publicity would prove a boon for the film's box-office.[46][52][53] Sales were in fact poor; one week after the film's release, Roger Ebert said of the Catholic campaign, "any bad buzz on a family film can be mortal, and that seems to have been the case this time."[54] The planned film trilogy has not been continued, prompting actor Sam Elliott to blame censorship and the Catholic Church.[55] ReleaseTheatricalThe film premiered in London on 27 November 2007, and was released on 5 December 2007, in British cinemas by Entertainment Film Distributors and released on 7 December 2007, in American cinemas by New Line Cinema.[citation needed] Home mediaThe film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 29 April 2008.[56] Shortly before the film's release, Weitz suggested that an extended cut of the film could be released on DVD, saying "I'd really love to do a fuller cut of the film"; he further speculated that such a version "could probably end up at two-and-a-half hours."[57] This proposed cut would presumably not include the original ending: MTV reported in December 2007 that Weitz hoped to include that material at the beginning of a possible The Subtle Knife adaptation, and that a Compass Director's Cut might feature "a moment" of it as a "teaser."[58] so far, however, no extended version has been released, as of 2014.[59] On 9 June 2020 Weitz revealed on Twitter that it would take $17 million for him to complete VFX for his directors cut making him think there is no financial incentive for them to finish it and release it .[60] ReceptionBox-officeThe North American opening weekend return was "a little disappointing" for New Line Cinema,[61] earning US$25.8 million with total domestic box-office of $70 million compared to an estimated $180 million production budget.[1] Despite this, the film's fortunes rebounded as its performance outside the United States was described as "stellar" by Variety,[62] and as "astonishing" by New Line.[63] In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $53,198,635 and became the second-highest-grossing non-sequel of 2007 there (behind The Simpsons Movie). In Japan, the film was officially released in March 2008 on 700 screens, ultimately grossing $33,501,399; but previews of the film between 23–24 February 2008, earned $2.5 million. By 6 July 2008, it had earned $302,127,136 internationally, totaling $372,234,864 worldwide.[1] Overseas rights to the film were sold to fund the $180 million production budget for the film, so most of these profits did not go to New Line.[64] This has been cited as a possible "last straw" in Time Warner's decision to merge New Line Cinema into Warner Bros. Pictures.[5] Critical responseReviews of The Golden Compass were mixed.[65] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 42%, based on 196 reviews, with an average score of 5.60/10. The critical consensus reads: "Without the bite or the controversy of the source material, The Golden Compass is reduced to impressive visuals overcompensating for lax storytelling."[66] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 51, based on 33 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[67] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[68] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that the film "crams so many events, characters, ... twists and turns, sumptuously appointed rooms and ethereally strange vistas ... that [it] risks losing you in the whirl" and that while The Golden Compass is "an honorable work," it is "hampered by its fealty to the book and its madly rushed pace."[69] James Berardinelli of ReelReviews gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, calling it "adequate, but not inspired" and criticising the first hour for its rushed pace and sketchily-developed characters.[70] James Christopher of The Times of London was disappointed, praising the "marvellous" special effects and casting, but saying that the "books weave a magic the film simply cannot match" and citing a "lack of genuine drama."[71] Time rated it an "A−" and called it a "good, if familiar fantasy," saying "The find is Dakota Blue Richards ... who's both grounded and magical."[72] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated it 4 stars out of 5, praising Nicole Kidman's casting and saying it had "no other challengers as [2007's] big Christmas movie."[73] Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said that "Richards is persuasive" and that it "does a good job of introducing us to an unfamiliar world." Critic Roger Ebert awarded the film 4 out of 4 stars and called it "a darker, deeper fantasy epic than the 'Rings' trilogy, 'The Chronicles of Narnia' or the 'Potter' films," saying that it "creates villains that are more complex and poses more intriguing questions. As a visual experience, it is superb. As an escapist fantasy, it is challenging ... I think [it] is a wonderfully good-looking movie, with exciting passages and a captivating heroine."[74] Pullman himself was described by a London Times interviewer as sounding "ambivalent" and "guarded" about the film, saying in March 2008: "A lot of things about it were good... Nothing's perfect. Nothing can bring out all that's in the book. There are always compromises." He hoped, however, that the rest of the trilogy would be adapted with the same cast and crew.[75] In July 2009, after this possibility had been exhausted, Weitz told Time magazine that he thought the film's special effects ended up being its "most successful element."[30] Debbie Day of Premiere magazine said "The Golden Compass ultimately fails as a film in its broad strokes and inadequate scene development."[76] Accolades
The Golden Compass won the 2008 Oscar for Best Visual Effects and the BAFTA Film Award for Special Visual Effects[77] notably beating what many considered to be the front-runner, Michael Bay's Transformers, which had swept the VES awards prior.[78] It was also nominated for 2 Critics' Choice Awards in 2007 ("Best Family Film," and "Best Young Actress" for Dakota Blue Richards[79]), 5 Satellite Awards and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form. The Golden Compass was nominated for the National Movie Award for Best Family Film, but lost to Disney/Pixar's WALL-E.
MusicFrench composer Alexandre Desplat composed the film's music. British singer Kate Bush wrote and performed the song "Lyra" which is played over the end credits.[80] The film's soundtrack album was released on 11 December 2007, by New Line Records. Video gameThe video game for this film was released in November 2007 in Europe and December 2007 in North America and Australia for the PC, Wii, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and the Xbox 360. It was developed by Shiny Entertainment and published by Sega.[81] Players take control of the characters Lyra Belacqua and Iorek Byrnison in Lyra's attempt to save her friend Roger from the General Oblation Board. As this game does not fully take into account the changes made by the final version of the film, a small amount of footage from the film's deleted ending can be viewed near the end of the game, and the order in which Lyra travels to Bolvangar and Svalbard follows the book and not the film. FutureCancelled sequelsAt the time of The Golden Compass's theatrical release, Chris Weitz pledged to "protect [the] integrity" of the prospective sequels by being "much less compromising" in the book-to-film adaptation process.[26] New Line Cinema commissioned Hossein Amini to write a screenplay based on the second book in the trilogy, The Subtle Knife, potentially for release in May 2010, with the third book of the trilogy, The Amber Spyglass, to follow. However, New Line president Toby Emmerich stressed that production of the second and third films was dependent on the financial success of The Golden Compass.[82] When The Golden Compass did not meet expectations at the United States box-office, the likelihood of a sequel was downplayed by New Line. According to studio co-head Michael Lynne, "The jury is still very much out on the movie, and while it's performed very strongly overseas, we'll look at it early 2008 and see where we're going with a sequel."[83] In February 2008, Weitz told The Daily Yomiuri, a Japanese newspaper, that he still hoped for the sequels' production: "at first it looked like we were down for the count because in the U.S. [the film] underperformed, but then internationally it performed [better] than expectations. So, a lot depends on Japan, frankly... I think if it does well enough here we'll be in good shape for that."[84] Although producer Deborah Forte had, in March 2008, expressed optimism that the sequels would be made,[85] by October 2008, the two planned sequels were officially placed on hold, according to New Line Cinema, because of financial concerns during the global recession.[86][87] Sam Elliott, however, stated, "The Catholic Church ... lambasted them, and I think it scared New Line off."[88] Television rebootFrom 2019, 12 years after the film's disappointment that caused the two sequels to be scrapped, a three-season television series adaptation of all three novels of His Dark Materials was made, culminating in 2022. It starred Dafne Keen as Lyra and Ruth Wilson as Mrs Coulter. It was produced by Bad Wolf and New Line Production and was broadcast on both BBC One and HBO. The series followed the novels more closely, retaining more nuances of the story-line, and received a much better reception than the film adaptation.[89] References
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