Tektite habitat

The Tektite habitat was an underwater laboratory which was the home to divers during Tektite I and II programs. The Tektite program was the first scientists-in-the-sea program sponsored nationally. The habitat capsule was placed in Great Lameshur Bay, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands in 1969 and again in 1970.^[1][2]

"Tektite III" refers to an educational project in the 1980s, using the original habitat capsule used by scientists, which was restored to be functional, but never used underwater again. Instead, it was open to visitors on dry land in San Francisco.

The Tektite habitat was designed and built by General Electric Company Space Division at the Valley Forge Space Technology Center in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania.^{[citation needed]} The Project Engineer who was responsible for the design of the habitat was Brooks Tenney, Jr. Tenney also served as the underwater Habitat Engineer on the International Mission, the last mission on the Tektite II project.^{[citation needed]} The Program Manager for the Tektite projects was Dr. Theodore Marton at General Electric.^{[citation needed]} The habitat appeared as a pair of silos: two white metal cylinders 12.5 feet (3.8 m) in diameter and 18 feet (5.5 m) high, joined by a flexible tunnel and seated on a rectangular base in 43 feet (13 m) depth of water.^{[citation needed]}

On 28 January 1969, a detachment from Amphibious Construction Battalion 2 augmented by an additional 17 Seabee divers from both the Atlantic and Pacific fleets as well as the 21st NCR began the installation of the habitat in Great Lameshur Bay in the U. S. Virgin Islands.^[3] They had it completed on February 12. On February 15, 1969, three days later, four U.S. Department of Interior scientists (Ed Clifton, Conrad Mahnken, Richard Waller and John VanDerwalker) descended to the ocean floor to begin the ambitious diving project dubbed "Tektite I".^[1] By 18 March 1969, the four aquanauts had established a new world's record for saturated diving by a single team. On April 15, 1969, the aquanaut team returned to the surface with over 58 days of marine scientific studies. More than 19 hours of decompression time were needed to accommodate the scientists' return to the surface.^[4] The United States Office of Naval Research coordinated Tektite I.

Much of the research for Tektite I centered on humans in this new environment. Topics investigated would include: biology (blood changes, sleep patterns, oxygen toxicity),^[5][6][7] decompression and decompression sickness,^[4] microbiology^[8][9] and mycology.^[10]

The United States Department of the Interior coordinated Tektite II, with part of the funding coming from NASA, which was interested in the psychological study of the scientific teams working in closed and restricted environments, similar to that of spacecraft on long missions. A team of Behavioral Observers from the University of Texas at Austin, led by Robert Helmreich, were tasked to record round the clock activities of the aquanauts by CCTV.^[11]

The missions were carried out in the spring and summer of 1970 in Great Lameshur Bay, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, at a depth of 43-foot (13 m). Tektite II comprised ten missions lasting 10–20 days with four scientists and an engineer on each mission, including one all-female team.^[11] Ichthyologist and director of the Australian Museum, Frank Talbot, joined one of the missions.^[12][13]

The fifth mission, designated Mission 6-50, was the first all-female saturation dive team. The elite team of scientist-divers included Renate Schlentz True of Tulane, team leader Sylvia Earle, Ann Hurley Hartline and Alina Szmant, graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Margaret Ann "Peggy" Lucas Bond, a Villanova electrical engineering graduate who served as Habitat Engineer. The Tektite II missions were the first to undertake in-depth ecological studies from a saturation habitat.^[2][14]

Medical and human research oversight for Tektite II was well documented in a series of reports covering a project overview,^[15] saturation diving,^[16] lessons learned from Tektite I,^[17] application to Tektite II,^[18] medical responsibilities and psychological monitoring,^[19] medical supervision duties^[20] medical and biological objectives^[21] project logistics,^[22] lessons learned,^[23] excursions to deeper depths from storage pressure,^[24] decompression tables,^[25] general medical observations,^[26] psychological observations,^[27] blood changes^[28] and general program conclusions.^[29]

There were nine studies on the ecology of coral reef fishes carried out during the Tektite series:^[2]

• influence of herbivores on marine plants
• bio-acoustic studies
• observations on cleaner shrimps
• isopods associated with reef fishes
• behavior of reef fishes in relation to fish pots
• bioturbation by the sand tilefish
• escape response in a damsel fish
• nocturnal-diurnal changeover in activity patterns, and
• space resource-sharing

A goal of the Tektite program was to prove that saturation diving techniques in an underwater laboratory, breathing a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere could be safely and efficiently accomplished at a minimal cost.^[2][4]

Lambertsen's "Predictive Studies Series" that started with Tektite I in 1969 and ended in 1997, researched many aspects of human physiology in extreme environments.^[7]

When Tektite II ended, General Electric placed the habitat in storage in Philadelphia. A group of interested parties purchased the habitat from General Electric for $1.00 with the stipulation it would be removed from the GE storage facility.^{[citation needed]} The habitat was trucked across the United States to Fort Mason in San Francisco, where it was placed on display. Attempts were made to refurbish the habitat so it could be used in San Francisco Bay as a teaching tool.^{[citation needed]}

By 1980, the habitat was fully restored and certified to be used underwater, and named Tektite III; however, funds for actually submerging and operating the habitat again were not available. While the habitat was on display at Fort Mason, many school children were taken through the habitat free of charge by volunteers. Lack of funds ended the project and the habitat was moved to storage along the Oakland Estuary^{[citation needed]} in 1984. After several years, the habitat again deteriorated. In 1991, the habitat was dismantled by welding school students and the metal was recycled.^[30]

• Underwater habitat – Human habitable underwater enclosure filled with breathable gas

• Collette, B.B. and S.A. Earle. (Eds.). 1972. Results of the Tektite Program: Ecology of coral-reef fishes. Los Angeles Co. Nat. Hist. Mus. Sci. Bull. 14. 180 p.
• Severn, Stacey for Spaceflight Insider. 2013. NASA's Tektite II Undersea Habitat: And Interview With Aquanaut & Engineer Peggy Lucas Bond