Susu language

Susu
Sosoxui
Native to	Guinea, Sierra Leone, Guinea Bissau
Region	Coastal Guinea
Ethnicity	Susu people
Native speakers	2.4 million (2017–2019)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Mande Western Mande Central Soso–Yalunka Susu
Writing system	Latin script Arabic script
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sus
ISO 639-3	sus
Glottolog	susu1250

The Susu language (endonym: Susu: Sosoxui; French: Soussou) is the language of the Susu or Soso people of Guinea and Sierra Leone, West Africa. It is in the Mande language family, and its closest relative is Yalunka.

It is one of the national languages of Guinea and spoken mainly in the coastal region of the country.

The language was also used by people in the coastal regions of Guinea and Sierra Leone as a trade language.

The first literature in Susu was a translation of the first seven chapters of the Gospel of Matthew, translated by John Godfrey Wilhelm of the Church Mission Society. This was published in London as "Lingjili Matthew" in 1816. J.G. Wilhelm translated a considerable portion of the New Testament, but only this small part appears to have been printed.

Susu consonants^[2]

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial- velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ɲ⟩	ŋ ⟨ŋ⟩
Plosive	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩		k ⟨k⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d ⟨d⟩		ɡ ⟨g⟩	ɡb ⟨gb⟩
	prenasal		nd ⟨nd⟩		ŋɡ ⟨ng⟩
Fricative		f ⟨f⟩	s ⟨s⟩		x ⟨x⟩		h ⟨h⟩
Trill			r ⟨r⟩
Approximant			l ⟨l⟩	j ⟨y⟩		w ⟨w⟩

Susu vowels^[2]

	Front	Back
Close	i ⟨i⟩, iː ⟨ii⟩	u ⟨u⟩, uː ⟨uu⟩
Close-mid	e ⟨e⟩, eː ⟨ee⟩	o ⟨o⟩, oː ⟨oo⟩
Open-mid	ɛ ⟨ɛ⟩, ɛː ⟨ɛɛ⟩	ɔ ⟨ɔ⟩, ɔː ⟨ɔɔ⟩
Open	a ⟨a⟩, aː ⟨aa⟩

Nasal vowels^[2]

	Front	Back
Close	ĩ ⟨in⟩	ũ ⟨un⟩
Close-mid	ẽ ⟨en⟩	õ ⟨on⟩
Open-mid	ɛ̃ ⟨ɛn⟩	ɔ̃ ⟨ɔn⟩
Open	ã ⟨an⟩

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Susu is an SOV language, Poss-N, N-D, generally suffixing, non-pro-drop, wh-in-situ, with no agreement affixes on the verb, no noun classes, no gender, and with a clitic plural marker which attaches to the last element of the NP (N or D, typically), but does not co-occur with numerals. It has no definite or indefinite articles. Sentential negation is expressed with a particle, mu, whose distribution is unclear (with adjectival predicates it seems to sometimes infix, but with transitive verbs it comes before the object).

Examples:

cf.

Object pronouns have the same form as subject pronouns:

Possessive affixes precede the noun:

baba "father": m baba "my father" i baba "your (sg) father" a baba "his/her/its father" wom baba "our father" wo baba "your (pl) father" e baba "their father"

Adverbs can precede the subject or follow the verb:

NPs come in a variety of forms:

khamé "boy (sg)", khame e "boys (pl) taami "bread (sg)", taami e "breads (pl)"

1. woto keren car one "one car"
2. woto firin car two "two cars"
3. woto sakhan "three cars"
4. woto nani "four cars"
5. woto suli "five cars"
6. woto senni "six cars"
7. woto solofere "seven cars"
8. woto solomasakhan "eight cars"
9. woto solomanani "nine cars"
10. woto fu "ten cars"
11. woto fu nun keren "eleven cars"
12. woto fu nun firin "twelve cars"

n woto nde e to né 1sg car indef.D pl see PAST "I saw several cars"/"J'ai vu des autos."
woto nde "some car"
di nde "some boy"
bangkhi nde "some house"
khame nde "someone"
se nde "something"
nde "who/some"
i nde to? you who see "Who did you see?"
i munse don ma? 2sg what eat PRES "What will you eat?"

Susu has been written with a variety of writing systems, including the Ajami variant of the Arabic script (perhaps introduced during the time of the Imamate of Futa Jallon), various Latin script orthographies (formalized with the adoption of the Guinean languages alphabet under the government of Ahmed Sékou Touré and adapted in 1989 to adhere closer to the African reference alphabet), and the N'ko and Adlam scripts.^[3] Additionally, an alphabetic script known as Koré Sèbèli or Wakara, developed by sociologist Mohamed Bentoura Bangoura based on traditional symbols used by secret societies, has been adopted by a small community of users since its introduction in 2009.^[3][4]

Sosoxui is closely related to the Yalunka language.

• Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Susu and English 1861 translation
• PanAfrican L10n page on Susu
• Susu alphabet and phonology
• Peace Corps Susu language manual