South American land mammal age Geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna
Locations of SALMA
type localities Pleistocene ages
Pliocene ages
Miocene ages
Oligocene ages
Eocene ages
Paleocene ages
The South American land mammal ages (SALMA ) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[ 1]
The basic unit of measurement is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Background
South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic , or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.
Paleogeographic timeline
A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[ 2]
66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. Significantly higher rates of extinction due to climatic changes occur in South America compared to North America, resulting in an asymmetrical exchange of species between the continents. North American originating taxa diversify significantly in South America during this period.[ 3]
Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia . Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica
Definitions
Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America
The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:
Fossil content
SALMA
Group
Fossils
Formation
Notes
Lujanian Mammals
Calomys callosus Chaetophractus villosus Ctenomys lujanensis C. magellanicus Dilobodon lujanensis Doedicurus clavicaudatus Dolichotis patagonum Dusicyon avus Eligmodontia typus Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens Equus caballus Eulamaops paralellus Eutatus seguini Galea musteloides Glossotherium myloides G. robustum Glyptodon clavipes G. perforatus G. reticulatus G. rudimentarius Hemiauchenia paradoxa Hippidion devillei H. principale Holochilus brasiliensis Lagostomus maximus Lama glama L. gracilis L. guanicoe Lestodelphys halli Lestodon armatus L. gaudryi L. trigonidens Lontra longicaudis Lycalopex gymnocercus Lyncodon patagonicus Macrauchenia patachonica Megatherium americanum Microcavia australis M. robusta Morenelaphus azpeitianus M. lujanensis Myocastor coypus M. priscus Neochoerus aesopi Neochoerus sulcidens Neuryurus rudis Notiomastodon platensis Pampatherium typum Panochthus tuberculatus Panthera onca Panthera platensis Pediolagus salinicola Pseudalopex gymnocercus Reithrodon auritus R. cf. physodes Scelidotherium leptocephalum Smilodon populator Stegomastodon superbus Tayassu tajacu Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus Toxodon bilobidens T. platensis Arctotherium sp. Neosclerocalyptus sp. Luján
Holmesina rondoniensis Rio Madeira
Birds
Cathartes fossilis Lagopterus minutus Nannopterum brasilianum Sarcorhamphus fossilis Luján
Insects
Cyclocephala signaticollis Diloboderus abderus Epipedonota cristallisata Nyctelia picipes Scotobius pilularius Luján
Ensenadan Mammals
Epieurycerus truncus Tonnicinctus mirus Ensenada
Balaenoptera musculus Eubalaena australis Megaptera novaeangliae Ziphiidae indet. Graxaim
Homotherium venezuelensis Smilodon gracilis Tapirus sp. Mesa
Eutatus sp. Mesotherium sp. Neosclerocalyptus sp. Palaeolama sp. Miramar
Equus (Amerhippus) andium Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus Andinomys cf. edea Arctodus tarijensis A. wingei Arctotherium tarijense A. wingei Calomys cf. lancha Canis dirus Canis proplatensis Chaetophractus tarijensis C. villosus Charitoceros tarijensis Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi Chrysocyon brachyurus Coendou magnus Conepatus suffocans Ctenomys brachyrhinus C. subassentiens Cuvieronius hyodon C. tropicus Dasypus cf. villosus Dicotyles cf. major Euphractus sexcinctus Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri Felis platensis Felis yaguaroundi Glossotherium robustum G. tarijensis Glyptodon clavipes G. reticulatus Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa Hippidion bonaerensis H. devillei H. principale Hoplophorus echazui Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Kunsia fronto Lama castelnaudi L. glama L. intermedia L. mesolithica L. cf. oweni L. provicugna Lestodon armatus Lutreolina crassicaudata Macrauchenia patagonica Megatherium americanum M. tarijensis Myocastor coypus M. perditus Nectomys cf. squamipes Neochoerus tarijensis Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus Nothropus tarijensis Oxymycterus cf. paranensis Palaeolama crequii P. weddeli Pampatherium cf. humboldtii Panochthus cf. tuberculatus Panthera onca Phyllotis cf. darwini Platygonus tarijensis Propraopus sulcatus Protocyon tarijensis Pseudalopex gymnocercus Puma concolor Reigomys primigenus Scelidodon tarijensis Scelidotherium patrium Smilodon populator Tapirus tarijensis Tapirus terrestris terrestris Theriodictis tarijensis Toxodon cf. platensis Haplomastodon sp. Hippocamelus sp. Hydrochoerus sp. Nasua sp. Notiomastodon sp. Tarija
Hippidion devillei Pardinamys humahuaquensis Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi Glyptodon sp. ?Neuryurus sp. cf. Palaeolama sp. Scelidotherium sp. Cervidae indet. Uquía
Glyptodon munizi Vorohué
Hippidion principale Holmesina paulacoutoi Lestodon armatus Macrauchenia patagonica Megatherium americanum Neolicaphrium recens Notiomastodon platensis Pampatherium typum Panthera onca Smilodon populator Tayassu pecari Toxodon platensis Arctotherium sp. Dolichotis sp. Euphractus sp. Galea sp. Glyptodon sp. Lama sp. Mazama sp. Myocastor sp. Neosclerocalyptus sp. Panochthus sp. Propraopus sp. Scelidodon sp. Stegomastodon sp. Theriodictis sp. Tolypeutes sp. Yupoí
Birds
Neochen debilis Belgrano
Anas bahamensis Anas cheuen Callonetta talarae Pleistoanser bravardi Zonotrichia robusta Miramar
Vultur gryphus Tarija
Reptiles &
Leiosaurus marellii La Ensenada
Caiman venezuelensis Crocodylia indet. Mesa
Bufo cf. marinus Ceratophrys sp. Tarija
Fishes
Pogonias cromis Graxaim
Uquian Mammals
Chaetophractus cf. villosus Ctenomys chapadmalensis Hippidion devillei Hydrochoeropsis dasseni Lestodon ?castellanosi Megatherium ?uquiensis Paraglyptodon uquiensis Platygonus uquiensis Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi Windhausenia delacroixi Xiphuroides uquiensis Erethizon sp. ?Panochthus sp. Urotherium sp. Doedicurinae indet. , Euphractinae indet. , Gomphotheriidae indet. , Sclerocalyptinae indet. Uquía
Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis Glossotherium sp. Plaxhaplous sp. Cervidae indet. Charana
Megatherium medinae Chíu-Chíu
Aenigmys diamantensis Eumysops sp. Hernandarías
Thalassocnus yaucensis Pisco
Panochthus intermedius Sacaba
Eumysops marplatensis Neuryurus sp. San Andrés
Palaeolama weddelli Doedicurus sp. San José
Macrauchenia patagonica Scelidodon cf. tarijensis Cervidae indet. Umala
Eumysops cavoides E. marplatensis Galictis sorgentini Leopardus vorohuensis Platygonus chapalmalensis Protocyon scagliaruen Smilodon riggii Canis sp. Catagonus sp. Didelphis sp. Dolichotis sp. Dusicyon sp. Hippidion sp. Lagostomus sp. Lama sp. Megatherium sp. Mesotherium sp. Microcavia sp. Microtragulus sp. Paedotherium sp. Palaeolama sp. Pithanotomys sp. Tremacyllus sp. Toxodon sp. Windhausenia sp. Vorohué
Birds
Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii Pisco
Aratinga vorohuensis Vorohué
Reptiles
Uquiasaurus heptanodonta Uquía
Chapadmalalan Mammals
Didelphis brachyodonta Didelphis reigi Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis Platygonus marplatensis Thylophorops chapalmalensis Marmosa indet. Chapadmalal
Paedotherium typicum Paramyocastor diligens Eumysops sp. Puerto Alvear
Abrothrix magnus Chukimys favaloroi Brochero
Caviodon multiplicatus Doellotatus chapadmalensis Dolicavia minuscula Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis Macrochorobates chapadmalensis Macroeuphractus retusus Paedotherium bonaerense P. typicum Pascualia aff. laeviplicata Tremacyllus impressus Actenomys sp. Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp. Pithanotomys sp. Río
aff. Holmesina floridianus Marisela gregoriana Pliodasypus vergelianus Boreostemma sp. Cardiatherium sp. cf. Caviodon sp. Cyonasua sp. Neoepiblema sp. Megatheriidae indet. , Toxodontidae indet. San
Artigasia magna Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri Pliomegatherium sp. San José
Chorobates villosissimus cf. Doellotatus inornatus Lomaphorops corallinus Neuryurus cf. giganteus Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei Xyophorus aff. bandesioi Eoauchenia sp. Paleuphractus sp. cf. Plesiomegatherium sp. Propediolagus sp. cf. Proscelidodon sp. Protabrocoma sp. cf. Urotherium sp. Toro
Ctenomys chapadmalensis Doellotatus chapadmalensis Paraglyptodon uquiensis Microcavia sp. Plaina sp. Scelidotheridium sp. Uquía
Hydrochoeropsis wayuu Pliomegatherium lelongi Chapalmalania sp. ?Hyperleptus sp. Nothrotherium sp. Camelidae indet. , Caviidae indet. , Erethizontidae indet. , Glyptodontidae indet. , Lestodontini indet. , Megalonychidae indet. , Mylodontidae indet. , Pampatheriidae indet. , Proterotheriidae indet. , Scelidotheriinae indet. , Tardigrada indet. , Toxodontidae indet. Ware
Birds
Llallawavis scagliai Playa
Reptiles &
Rhinella loba Chapadmalal [ 285]
Anura indet. , Squamata indet. , Serpentes indet. Brochero
Crocodylus falconensis San
Crocodylus sp. Alligatoridae indet. , Crocodylidae indet. , Podocnemididae indet. Ware
Fishes
Carcharhinidae indet. , Characidae indet. , Cichlidae indet. , Cynodontidae indet. , Doradidae indet. , Myliobatidae indet. , Pimelodidae indet. , Pristidae indet. , Sciaenidae indet. , Serrasalmidae indet. , Sphyrnidae indet. Ware
Montehermosan Mammals
Actenomys latidens A. priscus Argyrolagus palmeri Caviodon australis Doellotatus inornatus Eleutherocercus antiquus Eoauchenia primitiva Eucelophorus cabrerai Eumysops formosus E. laeviplicatus Holozaedyus laevisculptus Hyperdidelphys inexpectata Kraglievichimys formosus Lagostomus euplasius L. incises Macrochorobates chapadmalensis Marmosa contrerasi Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi Necromys bonapartei Notocynus hermosicus Paedotherium bonaerense P. typicum Parahyaenodon argentinus Paramyocastor diligens Phugatherium cataclisticum Phtoramys homogenidens Pithanotomys columnaris P. macer Plaina cf. intermedia Plohophorus figuratus Promacrauchenia antiqua P. kraglievichi Proscelidodon patrius Pseudoplataeomys formosus Pseudotypotherium bravardi Thylatheridium pascuali Toxodon chapalmalensis Tremacyllus impressus Trigodon gaudryi Caviodon sp. Chorobates sp. Lestodon sp. Lutreolina sp. Macroeuphractus sp. Neocavia sp. Neophanomys sp. Orthomyctera sp. Palaeocavia sp. Paleuphractus sp. Phugatherium sp. Prodolichotis sp. Pseudotypotherium sp. Sparassocynus sp. Caviidae indet. , Cricetidae indet. , Dasypodidae indet. , Glyptodontidae indet. , Macraucheniidae indet. , Proterotheriidae indet. , Rodentia indet. , Sigmodontinae sp. , Toxodontidae indet. Monte
Xotodon caravela Aconquija
Brachytherium laternarium Cardiomys ameghinorum Cavia cabrerai Caviodon andalhualensis Chapalmalania alteafrontis Chorobates scalabrini Cyonasua brevirostris Eosclerocalyptus planus Hemihegetotherium robustum Microtragulus catamarcensis Neophanomys biplicatus Neotamandua conspicua Orthomyctera andina Palaeomyrmidon incomptus Paradidelphys pattersonii Paraeuphractus prominens Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi Pithanotomys columnaris Prodolichotis prisca Promacrauchenia antiqua Pyramiodontherium bergi Scelidotherium pendolai Sphenotherus zavaletianus Stromaphorus compressidens Tetrastylus intermedius Tremacyllus latifrons Typotheriopsis internum Palaeocavia sp. Thylacosmilus sp. Toxodontherium sp. Xotodon sp. Andalhuala
Hemisyntrachelus sp. Bahía
Balaenopteridae indet. , Odontoceti indet. , Otariidae indet. Caleta
Plesiotypotherium casirense Simomylodon uccasamamensis Casira
Bolivartherium codorensis Boreostemma pliocena Falcontoxodon aguilerai cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni Mirandabradys zabasi Proeremotherium eljebe Alitoxodon sp. Plesiomegatherium sp. Codore
Delphinus domeykoi Megaptera hubachi Pliopontos sp. ?Squalodon sp. Balaenidae indet. Coquimbo
Borhyaenidium riggsi Corral
Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi Macroeuphractus aff. moreni Neosclerocalyptus sp. cf. Plohophorops sp. cf. Promacrauchenia sp. La Paz
Anadasypus aequatorianus Caviomorpha indet. , Litopterna indet. , Toxodontia indet. Letrero
Cetacea indet. Paraguaná
Posnanskytherium sp. Promacrauchenia sp. Mylodontidae indet. Remedios
Plohophorus aff. figuratus Río
Oxyodontherium zeballosi Río
Catonyx tarijensis San José
Aymaratherium jeani Megatherium altiplanicum Microtragulus bolivianus Phugatherium saavedrai Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi Praectenomys rhombidens P. vagus Sparassocynus heterotopicus Macroeuphractus sp. cf. Plaina sp. cf. Promacrauchenia sp. ?Caenolestidae indet. , Mylodontinae indet. Umala
Birds
Chunga incerta Dryornis pampeanus Eudromia cf. elegans Foetopterus ambiguus Mesembriornis milneedwardsi Palaeociconia australis Protorhea azarae Tinamisornis intermedius T. parvulus Dendrocygninae indet. Monte
Opisthodactylus kirchneri Andalhuala
Pygoscelis grandis Spheniscus anglicus Bahía
Spheniscus chilensis Milvago sp. Phalacrocorax sp. Caleta
cf. Palaeospheniscus sp. Spheniscus sp. Diomedeidae indet. , Spheniscidae indet. Coquimbo
Reptiles &
Ceratophrys ameghinorum Chelonoidis cf. australis Lepidobatrachus australis L. laevis Testudo formosa Leptodactylus sp. Tupinambis sp. Bufonidae indet. , Colubridae indet. Monte
Caiman sp. Gavialoidea indet. Ipururo
Fishes
Characidae indet. , Percichthyidae indet. , Trichomycteridae indet. Monte
Carcharodon carcharias Prionace glauca Bahía
Carcharodon carcharias Carcharias sp. Carcharhinus sp. Chondrichthyes indet. , Myliobatidae indet. Caleta
Carcharodon carcharias Coquimbo
Megalodon , Brotula cf. ordwayi Carcharhinus egertoni Carcharhinus priscus Chilara taylori Eucinostomus cf. currani Galeocerdo aduncus Hemipristis serra Isistius triangulus Larimus cf. pacificus Lepophidium microlepis Merluccius cf. angustimanus Negaprion eurybathrodon Odontaspis acutissima Orthopristis cf. cantharinus Otophidium indefatigabile Paraconger californiensis Porichthys analis P. margaritatus P. cf. notatus Rhizoprionodon taxandriae Anchoa sp. Apogon sp. Citharichthys sp. Diaphus sp. Haemulon sp. Lampadena sp. Cynoglossidae indet. , Gerreidae indet. , Gobiidae indet. , Opistognathidae indet. , Pleuronectidae indet. , ?Serranidae indet. Onzole
Megalodon Paraguaná
Megalodon , Carcharodon hastalis Hexanchus griseus Pristiophorus sp. Puerta del
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
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^ a b Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
^ a b Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
^ Goin et al., 2006
^ Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
^ Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks .org^ Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks .org^ Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks .org^ a b Luján at Fossilworks .org^ Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks .org^ Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks .org^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
^ Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
^ Góis et al., 2012
^ Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks .org^ La Chumbiada at Fossilworks .org^ Góis et al., 2015
^ La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks .org^ a b Graxaim at Fossilworks .org^ a b El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks .org^ El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks .org^ a b 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks .org^ Machado et al., 2014
^ a b c Tarija at Fossilworks .org^ Tarija-1 at Fossilworks .org^ Ortiz et al., 2013
^ Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks .org^ Baliza Chica at Fossilworks .org^ Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
^ Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks .org^ Agnolin, 2006, p.93
^ Agnolin, 2006, p.83
^ Agnolin, 2006, p.84
^ Agnolin, 2006, p.86
^ Agnolin, 2006, p.88
^ Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks .org^ Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks .org^ Charana at Fossilworks .org^ Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks .org^ Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks .org^ East Yauca at Fossilworks .org^ 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks .org^ a b Olivares & Verzi, 2015
^ Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks .org^ Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks .org^ Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks .org^ Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks .org^ 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks .org^ Yauca at Fossilworks .org^ Tonni & Noriega, 1996
^ Daza et al., 2012
^ Mar del Plata at Fossilworks .org^ Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks .org^ First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks .org^ Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks .org^ First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks .org^ Diamente Department at Fossilworks .org^ Barbière et al., 2016
^ a b Los Sauces River at Fossilworks .org^ Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks .org^ Castro et al., 2014
^ Vergel Member at Fossilworks .org^ Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks .org^ Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks .org^ Toro Negro at Fossilworks .org^ Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks .org^ a b c Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
^ Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
^ Pérez et al., 2017
^ Degrange et al., 2015
^ Pérez Ben et al., 2019
^ Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks .org^ Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks .org^ Barbière et al., 2018
^ a b c d Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks .org^ a b c Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks .org^ a b Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks .org^ Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks .org^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks .org^ Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks .org^ Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks .org^ Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks .org^ Armella et al., 2018
^ Candela & Bonini, 2017
^ a b Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks .org^ a b c Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks .org^ a b c Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks .org^ Casira Formation at Fossilworks .org^ Carrillo et al., 2018
^ Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks .org^ La Meseta at Fossilworks .org^ Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks .org^ Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks .org^ Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks .org^ 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks .org^ Coquimbo at Fossilworks .org^ Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks .org^ Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks .org^ Corral Quemado at Fossilworks .org^ La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks .org^ RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks .org^ a b El Yacural at Fossilworks .org^ Remedios at Fossilworks .org^ Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks .org^ Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks .org^ Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks .org^ Pujos et al., 2016
^ Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks .org^ Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks .org^ Benson, 2015
^ Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks .org^ La Cantera at Fossilworks .org^ Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks .org^ Nicoli, 2015
^ Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks .org^ CTA-42 at Fossilworks .org^ CTA-59 at Fossilworks .org^ Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks .org^ Súa Member at Fossilworks .org^ Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks .org^ Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks .org^ Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks .org
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(2009), "Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of 'pseudodiprotodont' marsupial radiations" , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155 (4): 867–884, doi :10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00471.x , retrieved 2019-02-15 Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 : 239–256, retrieved 2017-10-18 Ugalde, Raúl; Bostelmann, Enrique; Oyarzún, José Luis (2013), Stratigraphic review of the Las Flores Formation, Sierra Baguales, Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes , retrieved 2019-02-11 Fortín Tres Pozos Formation Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor (2010), "Primer registro fósil de Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) (Carnivora, Procyonidae) en la Argentina" (PDF) , Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 27 : 313–319, retrieved 2018-09-03 Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Miño Boilini, Ángel Ramón; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Iriondo, Martín; Alcaraz, María Alejandra (2009), "Paleontología del Chaco Oriental. Una nueva localidad con mamíferos fósiles pleistocenos en el río Bermejo (Formosa, Argentina)" (PDF) , Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26 : 277–288, retrieved 2018-09-03 Archived 2018-09-04 at the Wayback Machine Gaiman Formation Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2007), "Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina" , Ameghiniana 44 : 417–426, retrieved 2018-09-11 Viglino, Mariana; Buono, Mónica R.; Gutstein, Carolina S.; Cozzuol, Mario A.; Cuitiño, José I. (2018), "A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (2): 261–277, doi :10.4202/app.00441.2017 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Geste Formation Ciancio, Martín R; Herrera, Claudia; Aramayo, Alejandro; Payrola, Patricio; Babot, Judith (2016), "Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle–late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 : 575–590, doi :10.4202/app.00208.2015 , retrieved 2018-09-10 García López, D.A.; Babot, M.J. (2014), "Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (7): 557–579, doi :10.1080/14772019.2014.930527 , retrieved 2019-02-12 López, Guillermo; Bond, Mariano (1995), "Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna argentina [A new Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) of Lower Tertiary from the argentinian Puna]" , STVD. Geol. 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Judith (2015), "A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina" , Ameghiniana 52 (3): 314–323, doi :10.5710/AMGH.17.02.2015.2876 , hdl :11336/50746 , retrieved 2017-08-15 La Invernada Formation Combina, Ana María; Sánchez, María Lidia (2003), "Análisis sedimentológico de la Formación La Invernada, Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno, pedemonte de las Sierras de Comechingones, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina" (PDF) , Revista Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología , 10 : 123–135, retrieved 2019-02-12 Ituzaingó Formation Brandoni, Diego (2014), "A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina" , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17 (1): 33–42, doi :10.4072/rbp.2014.1.04 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Franco, María Jimena; Brea, Mariana; Orfeo, Óscar; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina" (PDF) , El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial , 14 : 41–55, retrieved 2017-08-15 Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Góis, Flávio; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Krmpotic, Cecilia M.; Oliva, Cristian; Zamorano, Martín (2013), "Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial , 14 : 118–134, retrieved 2018-10-01 Koluel Kaike Formation Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 : 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15 Laguna Brava Formation Vizán, H.; Geuna, S.; Melchor, R.; Bellosi, E.S.; Lagorio, S.L.; Vásquez, C.; Japas, M.S.; Ré, G.; Do Campo, M. (2013), "Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina)", Tectonophysics 583 : 105–123, Bibcode :2013Tectp.583..105V , doi :10.1016/j.tecto.2012.10.026 , hdl :11336/84532 Laguna del Hunco Formation Wilf, Peter; Johnson, Kirk R.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Smith, M. Elliot; Singer, Bradley S.; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2005), "Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina" (PDF) , The American Naturalist 135 (6): 634–650, doi :10.1086/430055 , PMID 15937744 , retrieved 2017-10-26 Lefipán Formation Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. López, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Lucía Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and María C. Ubaldón (2006), "The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26 (2): 505–510, doi :10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[505:TETTMF]2.0.CO;2 , retrieved 2017-10-26 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Leticia Formation Clarke, J.A.; Olivero, E.B.; Puerta, P. (2003), "Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina" (PDF) , American Museum Novitates doi :10.1206/0003-0082(2003)423<0001:DOTEFP>2.0.CO;2 , hdl :11336/94973 , retrieved 2019-02-20 Loma de Las Tapias Formation Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Vieytes, Emma C.; Olivares, A. Itatí; Vucetich, María G. (2009), "Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico" , Ameghiniana 46 : 295–305, retrieved 2018-09-10 Mones, Álvaro (2014), "Contrerascynus , new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae)" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17 (3): 435–436, doi :10.4072/rbp.2014.3.12 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Olivares, A. 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(2015), "A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (1): e1037884, doi :10.1080/02724634.2015.1037884 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Herrera, Claudia M. 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(2007), "The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications" (PDF) , Andean Geology 34 : 199–207, doi :10.5027/andgeoV34n2-a02 , retrieved 2017-10-23 Mealla Formation Miramar & San Andrés Formations Gaudioso, P.J.; Gasparini, G.M.; Herbst, R.; Bárquez, R.M. (2017), "First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina" (PDF) , Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57 (3): 23–29, doi :10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.03 , retrieved 2019-02-28 Isla, Federico; Taglioretti, Matías; Dondas, Alejandro (2015), "Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 72 : 235–250, retrieved 2019-02-12 Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), "Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27 (8): 1042–1061, retrieved 2019-02-13 Monte Hermoso Formation Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio; Tomassini, Rodrigo L.; Manera, Teresa (2014), "Nuevo Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) del Plioceno temprano de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y sus implicancias biogeográficas" (PDF) , Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 16 : 19–31, doi :10.22179/REVMACN.16.159 , retrieved 2018-09-10 Albino, Adriana M.; Rodrigo, Tomassini; Brizuela, Santiago (2009), "Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)" , Ameghiniana 46 : 177–187, retrieved 2018-09-10 Barbière, Franck; Ortiz, Pablo E.; Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J. (2019), "The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids" , Journal of Paleontology 93 (2): 368–384, Bibcode :2019JPal...93..368B , doi :10.1017/jpa.2018.74 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Bogan, Sergio; Agnolin, Federico L. (2009), "Primer registro fósil de la familia Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Plioceno) en la Formación Monte Hermoso, Argentina" (PDF) , Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 11 : 193–198, doi :10.22179/REVMACN.11.259 , retrieved 2018-09-10 Nicoli, Laura (2015), "New fossil species of the extant genus Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (5): e981636, Bibcode :2015JVPal..35E1636N , doi :10.1080/02724634.2015.981636 , hdl :11336/46258 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Monte León Formation El Morterito Formation Morton, Lourdes S.; Herbst, Rafael (2007), "Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina" , Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 9 : 153–160, doi :10.22179/REVMACN.9.305 , retrieved 2018-09-10 Palo Pintado Formation Anzótegui, Luisa M.; Horn, Maricel Yarina (2011), "Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14 (3): 239–254, doi :10.4072/rbp.2011.3.04 , retrieved 2017-10-22 Galli, Claudia Inés; Anzótegui, Luisa Matilde; Horn, Maricel Yanina; Morton, Lourdes Susana (2011), "Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina" (PDF) , Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 28 : 161–174, retrieved 2017-10-22 Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M.; Galli, Claudia I.; Bonini, Ricardo; Voglino, Damián (2015), "A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina" (PDF) , Andean Geology 42 : 56–70, doi :10.5027/andgeoV42n1-a04 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Paraná Formation Brea, Mariana; Franco, María Jimena; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2013), "Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina" (PDF) , El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial , 14 : 41–55, retrieved 2018-09-03 Cione, Alberto Luis; Cabrera, Daniel Alfredo; Barla, María Julia (2012), "Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic" (PDF) , Geobios 45 (2): 167–172, Bibcode :2012Geobi..45..167C , doi :10.1016/j.geobios.2011.06.002 , hdl :11336/139163 , retrieved 2017-10-22 [permanent dead link ] Martín Pérez, Leandro (2013), Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Nacional de La Plata , pp. 1–398, retrieved 2017-08-15 Peñas Coloradas Formation Clyde, William C.; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Bijl, Peter K.; Bralower, Timothy J.; Brinkhuis, Henk; Comer, Emily; Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa, Brian T. (2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations" (PDF) , GSA Bulletin 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode :2014GSAB..126..289C , doi :10.1130/B30915.1 , retrieved 2017-08-15 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 : 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15 Pinturas Formation Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005), "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia" , Ameghiniana 42 : 611–625, retrieved 2017-08-15 Kramarz, Alejandro G (2001), Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis) (PDF) , Universidad de Buenos Aires , pp. 1–300, retrieved 2017-08-15 Piquete Formation Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Taglioretti, Matías L.; Dondas, Alejandro; Scaglia, Fernando (2015), "A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (2): e912656, Bibcode :2015JVPal..35E2656D , doi :10.1080/02724634.2014.912656 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Puerta del Diablo Formation Puerto Madryn Formation Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; Tambussi, C.; Donato, M.; Cozzuol, M. (2007), "A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52 : 299–314, retrieved 2017-10-25 Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina (2003), "Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Puerto Madryn (Mioceno Tardío temprano), provincia de Chubut, Argentina [Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) in the Puerto Madryn Formation (early Late Mioceno), Chubut Province, Argentina]" (PDF) , Española de Paleontología 18 : 179–183, retrieved 2018-09-11 Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation Chornogubsky, Laura; Zimicz, A. Natalia; Goin, Francisco J.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Payrola, Patricio; Cárdenas, Magalí (2019), "New Palaeogene metatherians from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina)" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (7): 539–555, Bibcode :2019JSPal..17..539C , doi :10.1080/14772019.2017.1417333 , retrieved 2018-10-01 García López, Daniel A.; Deraco, Virginia; Del Papa, Cecilia (2017), "Fossil mammals of the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation (late middle Eocene) at the locality of La Poma, Salta Province, Argentina" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30 (4): 507–517, Bibcode :2018HBio...30..507G , doi :10.1080/08912963.2017.1299150 , hdl :11336/63085 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Del Papa, Cecilia (2013), "Relaciones estratigráficas de las formaciones Quebrada de Los Colorados y Angastaco (Paleógeno-Neógeno), Valles Calchaquíes, Salta (Argentina): Significado en el análisis de la cuenca del Grupo Payogastilla" (PDF) , Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 20 : 51–64, retrieved 2018-09-10 Payrola Bosio, Patricio Augusto; del Papa, Cecilia; Hongn, Fernando; Powell, Jaime (2010), "Estratigrafía del Valle de Luracatao (Valle Calchaquí, Noroeste Argentino): Nueva propuesta" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 : 309–318, retrieved 2018-09-07 Río Chico Group Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010), "Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67 : 239–256, retrieved 2017-08-15 Río Foyel Formation Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Griffin, Miguel; Asensio, Marcos; Cione, Alberto Luis; Tambussi, Claudia (2013), "Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera" (PDF) , Andean Geology 40 : 490–503, retrieved 2017-10-26 Encinas, Alfonso; Folguera, Andrés; Bechis, Florencia; Finger, Kenneth L.; Zambrano, Patricio; Pérez, Felipe; Bernabé, Pablo; Tapia, Francisca; Riffo, Ricardo; Buatois, Luis; Orts, Darío; Nielsen, Sven N.; Valencia, Victor V.; Cuitiño, José; Oliveros, Verónica; De Girolamo Del Mauro, Lizet; Ramos, Victor A. (2018). "The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia". The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes . Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 443–474. doi :10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_18 . ISBN 978-3-319-67773-6 Río Loro Formation Río Mayo Formation Escosteguy, Leonardo; Dal Molín, Carlos; Franchi, Mario; Guena, Silvena; Lapido, Omar; Genini, Adolfo (2003), Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino , pp. 1–80, retrieved 2018-09-10 Río Negro Formation Río Quinto Formation Cerdeño, Esperanza; Chiesa, Jorge; Ojeda, Guillermo (2008), "Presence of Oxyodontherium (Macraucheniidae, Litopterna)in the Río Quinto Formation, San Luis (Argentina)" , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 25 (2): 217–226, Bibcode :2008JSAES..25..217C , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2007.06.004 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Saladillo Formation Salamanca Formation Apesteguia, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. 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(2014), "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations" (PDF) , GSA Bulletin 126 (3–4): 289–306, Bibcode :2014GSAB..126..289C , doi :10.1130/B30915.1 , retrieved 2017-08-15 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Archived 2018-08-10 at the Wayback Machine Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017), "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia", PLOS ONE 12 (5): e0176164, Bibcode :2017PLoSO..1276164J , doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0176164 PMC 5425202 PMID 28489895 Ruiz, Daniela P.; Brea, Mariana; Raigemborn, M. Sol; Matheos, Sergio D. (2017), "Conifer woods from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene), Central Patagonia, Argentina: Paleoenvironmental implications" , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76 : 427–445, Bibcode :2017JSAES..76..427R , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2017.04.006 , hdl :11336/41178 , retrieved 2019-02-14 Saldungaray Formation Salicas Formation Brandoni, Diego; Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Candela, Adriana M.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Brunetto, Ernesto; Fiorelli, Lucas E. (2012), "Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment" (PDF) , Ameghiniana 49 (3): 1–13, doi :10.5710/AMGH.v49i3(467) , retrieved 2017-08-15 Santa Cruz Formation Agnolin, Federico L (2009), Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae) (PDF) , Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara, pp. 1–79, retrieved 2019-02-28 Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015), "Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27 (1): 42–59, retrieved 2019-02-13 Bostelmann, J. Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vásquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Néstor M.; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Francisco Hervé, Andrea (2013), "Burdigalian deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation in the Sierra Baguales, Austral (Magallanes) Basin: Age, depositional environment and vertebrate fossils" (PDF) , Andean Geology 40 : 458–489, retrieved 2019-02-28 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. 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(2019), "Functional morphology of the forelimb of Early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Patagonia" , Lethaia 52 (1): 91–106, Bibcode :2019Letha..52...91M , doi :10.1111/let.12292 , retrieved 2019-02-28 Noriega, Jorge I.; Mayr, Gerald (2017), "The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al. , 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina", Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales , 7 : 133–139 Noriega, Jorge I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, Susana (2009), "First Record and a New Species of Seriema (Aves: Ralliformes: Cariamidae) from Santacrucian (Early-Middle Miocene) Beds of Patagonia" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2): 620–626, Bibcode :2009JVPal..29..620N , doi :10.1671/039.029.0216 , hdl :11336/80002 , retrieved 2019-02-28 Sinclair, W.; Farr, M. (1932), "Aves of the Santa Cruz beds", Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899) , 7 : 157–191 Verzi, Diego H.; Olivares, A. 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(2017), "Systematics and evolutionary significance of the small Abrocomidae from the early Miocene of southern South America" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 29 (3): 411–422, Bibcode :2017HBio...29..411V , doi :10.1080/08912963.2016.1168410 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation ISBN 9780521194617 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Tambussi, Claudia (2005), "Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]" (PDF) , Revista Española de Paleontología 20 : 127–132, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014), "A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (2): 397–406, Bibcode :2014JVPal..34..397A , doi :10.1080/02724634.2013.808203 , hdl :11336/29748 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016), "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (6): e1229672, Bibcode :2016JVPal..36E9672C , doi :10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo; Martínez, Gastón (2014), "Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas" (PDF) , Andean Geology 41 : 224–247, doi :10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2012), "A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto", Geobios 45 (6): 573–580, Bibcode :2012Geobi..45..573P , doi :10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001 Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. ; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses" , American Museum Novitates doi :10.1206/3737.2 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Sterli, Juliana; De la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015), "A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata)" , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (3): 519–548, doi :10.1111/zoj.12252 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015), "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27 (2): 236–257, Bibcode :2015HBio...27..236V , doi :10.1080/08912963.2014.883506 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014), "A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina)" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (3): 689–698, Bibcode :2014JVPal..34..689V , doi :10.1080/02724634.2013.804414 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Wyss, André R. ; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile" , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3903 : 1–42, hdl :2246/6901 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Toro Negro Formation Uquía Formation Daza, J.D.; Abdala, V.; Arias, J.S.; García López, D.; Ortiz, P. (2012), "Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina", Journal of Herpetology 46 : 104–119, doi :10.1670/10-112 , hdl :11336/61054 Ortiz, Pablo E.; Jayat, J. Pablo; Steppan, Scott J. (2012), "A New fossil phyllotine (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from the late Pliocene in the Andes of northern Argentina" (PDF) , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (6): 1429–1441, Bibcode :2012JVPal..32.1429O , doi :10.1080/02724634.2012.707998 , hdl :11336/10594 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Reguero, Marcelo A.; Candela, Adriana M. (2008), Bioestratigrafía de las secuencias neógenas tardías de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Implicancias paleoambientales y paleobiogeográficas , retrieved 2018-09-10 Vaca Mahuida Formation Ventana Formation Petrulevicius, J.F.; Popov, Y.A. (2014), "First fossil record of Discocephalinae (Insecta, Pentatomidae): a new genus from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina" , ZooKeys Bibcode :2014ZooK..422...23P , doi :10.3897/zookeys.422.6750 PMC 4109444 PMID 25061387 , retrieved 2019-02-22 Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005), "Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina" , The American Naturalist 165 (6): 634–650, doi :10.1086/430055 , PMID 15937744 , retrieved 2019-02-22 Vorohué Formation Olivares, A.I.; Verzi, D.H. (2015), "Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America" , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27 (8): 1042–1061, retrieved 2019-02-13 Orgeira, María Julia (1988), Estudio geológico y paleomagnético de los sedimentos asignados al cenozoico tardío aflorantes costeros entre Mar del Plata y Miramar (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (PhD thesis) (PDF) , Universidad de Buenos Aires , pp. 1–170, retrieved 2019-02-12 Tonni, Eduardo P.; Noriega, Jorge I. (1996), "Una nueva especie de Nandayus Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves: Psittaciformes) del Pliocene tardío de Argentina" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 69 : 97–104, retrieved 2017-10-24 Yupoí Formation Erra, Georgina; Osterrieth, Margarita; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Lutz, Alicia I.; Laffont, Enrique; Coronel, Juan M.; Francia, Analia (2016), "Primer registro de termiteros fósiles para el Pleistoceno tardío de la región mesopotámica (Argentina): implicancias paleoambientales" (PDF) , Acta Biológica Colombiana 21 : 63–72, retrieved 2018-09-10
Bolivia
Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review" , Revista técnica de YPFB , 12 : 631–652, retrieved 2017-08-15 Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba - Geology and hydrogeology of the Central Valley of Cochabamba (PDF) , Convenio alemán-boliviano de aguas subterraneas (CABAS) - German-Bolivian Agreement on Groundwater (CABAS), pp. 1–113, retrieved 2018-09-04 Rocha, Emilio (2013), Estilos estructurales del Subandino Sur de Bolivia (PhD thesis) (PDF) , Universidad de Buenos Aires , pp. 1–204, retrieved 2018-09-10 Casira Formation Cerdeño, Esperanza; Vera, Bárbara; Schmidt, Gabriela Inés; Pujos, François; Mamaní Quispe, Bernardino (2012), "An almost complete skeleton of a new Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene of Casira, Bolivia" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 341–360, Bibcode :2012JSPal..10..341C , doi :10.1080/14772019.2011.569576 , hdl :11336/60297 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Cerdas beds Croft, Darin A. ; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Brandoni, Diego; Drew, Nicholas E.; Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico (2016), "New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (5): e1163574, Bibcode :2016JVPal..36E3574C , doi :10.1080/02724634.2016.1163574 , hdl :11336/49745 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Honda Group Croft , Darin A (2007), "The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates" , Palaeontology 50 (1): 277–303, Bibcode :2007Palgy..50..277C , doi :10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00610.x , retrieved 2017-05-04 Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Australogale leptognathus , gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia" , Journal of Mammalian Evolution , retrieved 2018-10-01 Engelman, Russell K.; Anaya, Federico; Croft, Darin A. (2016), "New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 (10): 787–820, doi :10.1080/14772019.2016.1240112 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Andrade Flores, Ruben (2014), "Lakukullus anatisrostratus , gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 1243–1248, Bibcode :2014JVPal..34.1243P , doi :10.1080/02724634.2014.849716 , hdl :11336/32146 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Lacayani fauna Ñuapua Formation Quehua Formation Salla Formation Reguero, Marcelo A.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2005), "New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3): 674–684, doi :10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0674:NLOHMN]2.0.CO;2 , retrieved 2018-09-11 Rincón, Ascanio D.; Shockey, Bruce J.; Anaya, Federico; Solórzano, Andrés (2015), "Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids" , Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22 (4): 455–471, doi :10.1007/s10914-015-9295-8 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Shockey, Bruce J (2017), "New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra" , Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 58 (2): 371–396, retrieved 2019-02-12 Santa Lucía Formation Buffetaut, É. ; Marshall, L.G. (1991), A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia , Revista Técnica de YPFB, pp. 545–557Gaffney, Eugene S. ; Meylan, Peter A.; Wood, Roger C.; Simons, Elwyn; De Almeida Campos, Diogenes (2011), "Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae" (PDF) , AMNH Bulletin 350 : 1–237, retrieved 2017-08-15 Gayet, Mireille; Marshall, Larry G.; Sempere, Thierry (1991), "The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review" , Revista técnica de YPFB , 12 : 393–433, retrieved 2017-08-15 Jiménez, Grisel (2012), Estratigrafía, facies y ambientes evolutivos de depósito del Paleógeno Inferior: Formación Santa Lucía (Sinclinal de Miraflores - Sección Cayara, Potosí) (PDF) , ., pp. 1–23, retrieved 2017-08-15 De Muizon, Christian; Ladevèze, Sandrine; Selva, Charlène; Vignaud, Robin; Goussard, Florent (2018), "Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America" , Geodiversitas 40 (16): 363–459, doi :10.5252/geodiversitas2018v40a16 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Rage, J.C. (1991), "Gymnophionan Amphibia from the early Paleocene (Santa Lucía Formation) of Tiupampa (Bolivia). The oldest known Gymnophiona" , Revista técnica de YPFB , 12 : 499–501, retrieved 2017-08-15 Rage, J.C. (1991), "Squamate Reptiles from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa area (Santa Lucía Formation), Bolivia" , Revista técnica de YPFB , 12 : 503–508, retrieved 2017-08-15 Renner, Sven; Velasco, Carlos (2000), "Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba" (PDF) , Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería , 34 : 1–113, retrieved 2017-08-15 Sempere, Thierry; Butler, R.F.; Richards, D.R.; Marshall, L.G.; Sharp, W.; Swisher, C.C. (1997), "Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina" (PDF) , GSA Bulletin 109 (6): 709–727, Bibcode :1997GSAB..109..709S , doi :10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0709:SACOUC>2.3.CO;2 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Tarija Formation Umala Formation Pujos, François; De Iuliis, Gerardo; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino; Adnet, Sylvain; Flores, Ruben Andrade; Billet, Guillaume; Fernández Monescillo, Marcos; Marivaux, Laurent; Münch, Philippe, Mercedes B. Prámparo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine (2016), "A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform–molariform transition in sloths" , Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178 (3): 679–712, doi :10.1111/zoj.12429 , retrieved 2019-02-12 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Yecua & Petaca Formations Hernández, R.; Jordan, T.; Dalenz Farjat, A.; Echavarría, L.; Idelman, B.; Reynolds, J. (2002), Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina (PDF) , V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, pp. 1–27, retrieved 2018-09-10
Brazil
Entre-Corrégos Formation Fonseca Formation Graxaim Formation Guabirotuba Formation Sedor, Fernando A.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Silva, David D.; Fernandes, Luiz A.; Cunha, Renata F.; Ribeiro, Ana M.; Dias, Eliseu V. (2017), "A New South American Paleogene Land Mammal Fauna, Guabirotuba Formation (Southern Brazil)" (PDF) , Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24 : 39–55, doi :10.1007/s10914-016-9364-7 , retrieved 2017-10-26 Içá Formation Czaplewski, Nicholas J.; Campbell, Kenneth E. Jr. (2017), "Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia)" (PDF) , Contributions in Science 525 : 55–60, doi :10.5962/p.318347 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Itaboraí Formation Carneiro, Leonardo M.; Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2018), "Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 21 (2): 120–131, doi :10.4072/rbp.2018.2.03 , retrieved 2018-10-01 Carneiro, Leonardo M. (2018), "A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae" (PDF) , Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91 (Suppl. 2): e20180440, doi :10.1590/0001-3765201820180440 , PMID 30365721 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Archived 2019-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Zimicz, Natalia; Goin, Francisco J. (2016), "Taxonomy, affinities, and paleobiology of the tiny metatherian mammal Minusculodelphis , from the early Eocene of South America" , The Science of Nature 103 (1–2): 1–6, Bibcode :2016SciNa.103....6O , doi :10.1007/s00114-015-1331-2 , PMID 26743194 , retrieved 2019-02-12 De Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Goin, Francisco J. (2015), "A new species of Gaylordia Paula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Itaboraí, Brazil" , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18 (1): 97–108, doi :10.4072/rbp.2015.1.07 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Oliveira, Édison V.; Goin, Francisco J. (2011), "A reassessment of Bunodont Metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaboraí (Brazil): systematics and age of the Itaboraian SALMA" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14 (2): 105–136, doi :10.4072/rbp.2011.2.01 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Salvador, R.B.; Simone, L.R.L. (2013), "Taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil" (PDF) , Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia , 53 (2): 5–46, retrieved 2017-10-01 Maria Farinha Formation Pirabas Formation Rio Madeira Formation Góis, Flávio; Scillato Yané, Gustavo Juan; Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ubilla, Martín (2012), "Una nueva especie de Holmesina Simpson (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Pampatheriidae) del Pleistoceno de Rondônia, sudoeste de la Amazonia, Brasil" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 15 (2): 211–227, doi :10.4072/rbp.2012.2.09 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Santa Vitória Formation Solimões Formation Bocquentin, Jean; Melo, Janira (2006), "Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil" (PDF) , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 9 (2): 187–192, doi :10.4072/rbp.2006.2.02 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Carvalho, Patricia; Bocquentin, Jean; De Lapparent de Broin, France (2002), "Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil" , Geobios 35 (6): 677–686, Bibcode :2002Geobi..35..677C , doi :10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00081-5 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Cozzuol, Mario Alberto (2006), "The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography" , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21 (3): 185–203, Bibcode :2006JSAES..21..185C , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2006.03.005 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Kerber, Leonardo; Bissaro Júnior, Marcos César; Negri, Francisco R.; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira; Guilherme, Edson; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie (2017), "A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia" (PDF) , Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30 (7): 985–993, Bibcode :2018HBio...30..985K , doi :10.1080/08912963.2017.1327529 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Kerber, Leonardo; Negri, Francisco Ricardo; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; De Souza Filho, Jonas Pereira (2016), "Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (1): 191–203, retrieved 2019-02-12 Touro Passo Formation Kerber, Leonardo; Gregis Pitana, Vanessa; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Schmaltz Hsiou, Annie; Oliveira, Edison V. (2014), "Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review" (PDF) , Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31 : 248–259, retrieved 2017-08-15 Tremembé Formation Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella (2010), Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil , Universidade de São Paulo , pp. 1–112 Malabarba, Maria Claudia; Lundberg, John G. (2007), "A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil" , Neotropical Ichthyology 5 (3): 263–270, doi :10.1590/S1679-62252007000300005 , retrieved 2018-10-08 Olson, Storrs L.; Alvarenga, Herculano M.F. (2002), "A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae)" (PDF) , Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 : 701–705, retrieved 2017-09-04
Chile
Abanico Formation Bertrand, Ornella C.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. ; Wyss, André R. (2012), "Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile)" , American Museum Novitates doi :10.1206/3750.2 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Bradham, Jennifer; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. ; Wyss, Andre R. (2015), "New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile" , American Museum Novitates doi :10.1206/3841.1 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Croft, Darin A. ; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas" (PDF) , Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 66 : 191–211, retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine Engelman, Russell K.; Flynn, John J.; Gans, Philip; Wyss, André R. ; Croft, Darin A. (2018), "Chlorocyon phantasma , a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile" , American Museum Novitates (3918): 1–22, doi :10.1206/3918.1 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Godoy, Estanislao (2012), "Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS" , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69 : 570–577, retrieved 2017-08-15 Muñoz, Marcia; Fuentes, Francisco; Vergara, Mario; Aguirre, Luis; Nyström, Jan Olov; Féraud, Gilbert; Demant, Alain (2006), "Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S)" , Revista Geológica de Chile 33 : 109–140, doi :10.4067/S0716-02082006000100005 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Bahía Inglesa Formation Achurra, L.E.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P.; Marquadt, C.; Belmar, M.; Ruiz Del Solar, J.; Ishman, S.E. (2009), "Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance" (PDF) , Sedimentary Geology 217 (1): 128–139, Bibcode :2009SedG..217..128A , doi :10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.03.016 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Archived 2017-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Achurra, L.; Marquadt, C.; Lacassie, J.P.; Le Roux, J.P. (2003), Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales (PDF) , X Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–10, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Canto, Jhoann (2005), "Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78 : 489–495, retrieved 2017-08-15 Benson, Richard D (2015), "A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus " (PDF) , Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota 8 (4): 5–22, retrieved 2019-02-13 Archived 2021-06-24 at the Wayback Machine Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe (2008), La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Austral de Chile , pp. 1–165, retrieved 2017-08-15 Chávez, Martín F (2007), "Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80 (2): 255–259, doi :10.4067/S0716-078X2007000200010 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Chávez, Martín (2007), "Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile" , Boletín Sociedad Geológica del Perú 102 : 101–107, retrieved 2017-08-15 Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber; Suárez, Mario E.; Ishman, Scott E.; Pyenson, Nicholas D. ; Gutstein, Carolina S. (2016), "Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile" (PDF) , Sedimentary Geology 333 : 32–49, Bibcode :2016SedG..333...32L , doi :10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.12.003 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Achurra, Luciano; Henríquez, Álvaro; Carreño, Catalina; Rivera, Huber (2015), Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile (PDF) , XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 821–824, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge; Villafaña, Jaime; Castelleto, Victor; Varas, Cristian; Alballay, Alex; Rivadeneira, Marcelo (2015), Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa (PDF) , XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Staig, Felipe; Hernández, Sebastián; López, Patricio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; Varas, Cristian; Soto, Luis Patricio; Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D. (2015), "Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile" , Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18 (2): 261–272, doi :10.4072/rbp.2015.2.07 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Suárez, Mario E (2011), Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe (PDF) , Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama, pp. 1–29, retrieved 2017-08-15 Valenzuela Toro, Ana; Gutstein, Carolina S., "Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio" (PDF) , . , . : 770–772, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Caleta Herradura Formation Chíu-Chíu Formation López Mendoza, Patricio; Rojas, Osvaldo; Mansilla, Pablo; Olivares, Luis; Martínez, Ismael (2010), "Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos" , Treballs del Museo Geológico de Barcelona 17 : 11–25, retrieved 2017-08-15 Chucal Formation Coquimbo Formation Le Roux, J.P.; Olivares, Danisa M.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Smith, Norman D.; Middleton, Heather; Fenner, Juliane; Ishman, Scott E. (2006), "Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile" (PDF) , Sedimentary Geology 184 (1–2): 133–153, Bibcode :2006SedG..184..133L , doi :10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.023 , retrieved 2018-05-20 Cura-Mallín Group Flynn, John J.; Charrier, Reynaldo ; Croft, Darin A. ; Gans, Phillip B.; Herriott, Trystan M.; Wertheim, Jill A.; Wyss, André R. (2008), "Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile" (PDF) , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26 (4): 412–423, Bibcode :2008JSAES..26..412F , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2008.05.006 , retrieved 2017-10-20 Shockey, Bruce J.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. ; Gans, Phillip; Wyss, André R. (2012), "New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses" , American Museum Novitates doi :10.1206/3737.2 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Utgé, Silvana; Folguera, Andrés; Litvak, Vanesa; Ramos, Víctor A. (2009), "Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén" , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64 (2): 231–248, retrieved 2017-10-01 Horcón Formation Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; González Barba, Gerardo; Landaeta, Mauricio F.; Nielsen, Sven N. (2013), "Condrictios fósiles del Plioceno Superior de la Formación Horcón, Región de Valparaíso, Chile central" (PDF) , Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86 (2): 191–206, Bibcode :2013RvCHN..86..191C , doi :10.4067/S0716-078X2013000200008 , retrieved 2017-10-24 Huaylas Formation García, Marcelo; Herail, Gérard; Charrier, Reynaldo (1999), Age and structure of the Oxaya Anticline: A major feature of the Miocene compressive structures of northernmost Chile (PDF) , Fourth ISAG conference, Goettingen, Germany, pp. 249–252, retrieved 2018-09-04 Montoya Sanhueza, Germán; Moreno, Karen; Bobe, René; Carrano, Matthew T.; García, Marcelo; Corgne, Alexandre (2017), "Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua" , Journal of South American Earth Sciences 75 : 51–65, Bibcode :2017JSAES..75...51M , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.009 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Loreto Formation Bostelmann, Enrique; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Vasquez, Ana; Gutiérrez, Nestor; Oyarzún, José Luis; Carreño, Catalina; Torres, Teresa; Otero, Rodrigo; Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Sven N. Nielsen and Francisco Hervé , Andrea (2012), A revised lithostratigraphy of the Sierra Baguales, Magallanes Basin (PDF) , XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno, pp. 698–700, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-03, retrieved 2019-02-15 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Hervé, Francisco ; Fanning, C. Mark; Yuri Yáñez, Roberto E.; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence" (PDF) , Andean Geology 39 : 180–200, doi :10.5027/andgeoV39N1-a09 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Sallaberry, M.A.; Yury Yáñez, R.E.; Otero, R.A.; Soto Acuña, S.; Torres, T.G. (2010), "Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America" (PDF) , Journal of Paleontology 84 (6): 1061–1070, Bibcode :2010JPal...84.1061S , doi :10.1666/09-157.1 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Torres, T.; Meón, H.; Otero, R.; Galleguillos, H. (2009), Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile (PDF) , XII Congreso Geológico Chileno, pp. 1–4, retrieved 2019-02-15 Navidad Formation Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; DeVries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dawn E. (2007), "Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile" (PDF) , PALAIOS 22 (1): 3–16, Bibcode :2007Palai..22....3F , doi :10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r , retrieved 2017-08-15 La Portada Formation Río Baguales Formation Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Puratich, Jacqueline; Mourgues, F. Amaro; Oyarzún, José Luis; Otero, Rodrigo A.; Torres, Teresa; Hervé, Francisco (2010), "Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile" (PDF) , Andean Geology 37 : 329–344, retrieved 2017-10-25 Río Frías Formation Abello, María Alejandra; Rubilar Rogers, David (2012), "Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata)" , Ameghiniana 49 (2): 164–184, doi :10.5710/AMGH.v49i2(408) , retrieved 2019-02-15 Bellosi, Eduardo S. (2014), Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile) , retrieved 2018-09-10 Bostelmann, J.E. (2012), The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record , retrieved 2018-09-10 Marshall, Larry G. (1990), "Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile" , Revista Geológica de Chile 17 : 19–55, retrieved 2017-10-21 Marshall, Larry G.; Salinas, Patricia (1990), "Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile" , Revista Geológica de Chile 17 : 57–87, retrieved 2017-10-21
Colombia
Altiplano Cundiboyacense Acosta Garay, Jorge E.; Ulloa Melo, Carlos E. (2002), Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa INGEOMINAS , pp. 1–108, retrieved 2017-03-29 Amaya, Erika; Mariño, Jorge; Jaramillo, Carlos (2010), "Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas" , Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander , 32 (1): _, retrieved 2017-03-16 Bayona, Germán; Montenegro, Omar; Cardona, Agustín; Jaramillo, Carlos ; Lamus, Felipe; Morón, Sara; Quiroz, Luiz; Ruíz, María C.; Valencia & Mauricio Parra, Victor (2010), "Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera" (PDF) , Geología Colombiana , 35 : 5–35, retrieved 2017-03-29 Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Cadena, Edwin ; Hastings, Alexander; Rincón, Aldo F.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2008), "Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract)" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , retrieved 2017-03-29 Cadena , Edwin A (2014), "The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges" (PDF) , Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia , 19 (3): 333–339, doi :10.15446/abc.v19n3.42223 , retrieved 2017-03-29 Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo (1992), Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana , Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros, pp. 1–20 Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. (2012), "Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract)" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , retrieved 2017-03-29 Head, Jason J.; Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Rincón, Aldo F.; Bourque, Jason R.; Jaramillo, Carlos (2011), "An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract)" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , retrieved 2017-03-29 Herrera, Fabiany; Manchester, Steven R.; Carvalho, Mónica R.; Jaramillo, Carlos ; Wings, Scott L. (2014), "Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests" (PDF) , Acta Paleobotanica 54 (2): 197–229, doi :10.2478/acpa-2014-0008 , retrieved 2017-03-29 Montoya Arenas, Diana María; Reyes Torres, Germán Alfonso (2005), Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá , INGEOMINAS , pp. 1–104 Villarroel, Carlos ; Concha, Ana Elena; Macía, Carlos (2001), "El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas", Geología Colombiana 26 , Universidad Nacional de Colombia : 79–93Villarroel A. , Carlos (1987), "Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia" (PDF) , Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo , 19 : 241–254, retrieved 2017-03-29 Cesar-Ranchería Basin Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina (2009), Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.) (PDF) , Universidad Simón Bolívar , pp. 1–255, retrieved 2017-06-14 Archived 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine Cadena, Edwin A. ; Schweitzer, Mary H. (2014), "A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes" , Journal of Herpetology 48 (4): 461–465, doi :10.1670/13-046 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Cadena, Edwin A. ; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. ; Bloch, Jonathan I. (2012a), "New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution" (PDF) , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 313–331, Bibcode :2012JSPal..10..313C , doi :10.1080/14772019.2011.569031 , retrieved 2017-06-14 Cadena, Edwin A. ; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2012b), "New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia" , Journal of Paleontology 86 (4): 688–698, Bibcode :2012JPal...86..688C , doi :10.1666/11-128R1.1 , retrieved 2017-06-14 Cadena, Edwin A. ; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2010), "New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 367–382, Bibcode :2010JVPal..30..367C , doi :10.1080/02724631003621946 , retrieved 2017-06-14 Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014), "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia" (PDF) , Historical Biology 27 (8): 998–1020, Bibcode :2015HBio...27..998H , doi :10.1080/08912963.2014.918968 , retrieved 2017-06-14 Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2011), "A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae" (PDF) , Palaeontology 54 : 1095–1116, doi :10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01092.x , retrieved 2017-06-14 Head, J.J.; Bloch, J.I.; Hastings, A.K.; Bourque, J.R.; Cadena, E.A. ; Herrera, F.A.; Polly, P.D.; Jaramillo, C.A. (2009), "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures" , Nature 457 (7230): 715–718, Bibcode :2009Natur.457..715H , doi :10.1038/nature07671 , PMID 19194448 , retrieved 2017-06-14 Herrera, Fabiany A.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. ; Dilcher, David L.; Wing, Scott L.; Gómez N, Carolina (2008), "Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia" , American Journal of Botany 95 (12): 1569–1583, doi :10.3732/ajb.0800172 , PMID 21628164 , retrieved 2017-06-14 [permanent dead link ] Hernández, Marina (2003), Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000 , INGEOMINAS , pp. 1–102 Jaramillo, Carlos A. ; Bayona, Germán; Pardo Trujillo, Andres; Rueda, Milton; Torres, Vladimir; Harrington, Guy J.; Mora, Germán (2007), "The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia" (PDF) , Palynology 31 (1): 153–189, Bibcode :2007Paly...31..153J , doi :10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.153 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina; Sánchez Quiñónez, Carlos Alberto (2013), "Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo" (PDF) , Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander , 35 : 67–80, retrieved 2017-06-14 Wing, Scott L.; Herrera, Fabiany; Jaramillo, Carlos A. ; Gómez Navarro, Carolina; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C. 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Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z (PDF) , INGEMMET , pp. 1–201, retrieved 2019-02-12 Mogollón Formation Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia; Baby, Patrice; Brusset, Stéphane; Espurt, Nicolas (2015), "A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level" , Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22 (2): 129–140, doi :10.1007/s10914-014-9278-1 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Quispe Alcalá, David Ricardo (2010), Evaluación Geológica de la Formación Mogollón en el Yacimiento Leones – Cuenca Talara (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería , pp. 1–87, retrieved 2017-10-18 Archived 2021-12-06 at the Wayback Machine Moquegua Formation Alván, Aldo; Ramírez, Katerin; von Eynatten, Hilmar; Dunkl, István; Jacay, Javier; Bertone, Gabriela (2017), "Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas" , Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 112 : 53–77, retrieved 2018-09-10 Shockey, Bruce J.; Billet, Guillaume; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo (2016), "A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids" , Zootaxa 4111 (5): 565–583, doi :10.11646/zootaxa.4111.5.3 , PMID 27395103 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Muñani Formation Paracas Formation Clarke, Julia A.; Ksepka, Daniel T.; Stucchi, Marcelo; Urbina, Mario; Giannini, Norberto; Bertelli, Sara; Narváez, Yanina; Boyd, Clint A. (2007), "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change" , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (28): 11545–11550, doi :10.1073/pnas.0611099104 PMC 1913862 PMID 17601778 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Pisco Formation Altamirano Sierra, Alí J (2013), "Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru" (PDF) , Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines , 42 : 1–12, retrieved 2017-09-04 Báez Gómez, Diego A (2006), "Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje" (PDF) , Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG , 9 : 64–69, retrieved 2017-09-04 Bianucci, Giovanni; Di Celma, Claudio; Urbina, Mario; Lambert, Olivier (2016), "New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti)" (PDF) , PeerJ 4 : e2479, doi :10.7717/peerj.2479 PMC 5036081 PMID 27688973 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Archived 2020-02-21 at the Wayback Machine Brand, Leonard; Urbina, Mario; Chadwick, Arthur; DeVries, Thomas J.; Esperante, Raul (2011), "A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru", Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31 (4): 414–425, Bibcode :2011JSAES..31..414B , doi :10.1016/j.jsames.2011.02.015 Collareta, Alberto; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2017), "Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru" , Fossil Record 20 (2): 259–278, Bibcode :2017FossR..20..259C , doi :10.5194/fr-20-259-2017 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Lambert, Olivier; Bianucci, Giovanni; Urbina, Mario; Geisler, Jonathan H. (2017), "A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families", Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (4): 919–946 Marx, Felix G.; Lambert, Olivier; De Muizon, Christian (2017), "A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids" , Royal Society Open Science 4 (9): 170560, Bibcode :2017RSOS....470560M , doi :10.1098/rsos.170560 , PMC 5627101 PMID 28989761 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Marx, Felix G.; Kohno, Naoki (2016), "A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert" , Royal Society Open Science 3 (10): 160542, Bibcode :2016RSOS....360542M , doi :10.1098/rsos.160542 , PMC 5098998 PMID 27853573 , retrieved 2019-02-12 Poma Porras, Orlando; Horna Santillán, Edgard; Esperante, Raúl (2009), "Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú" (PDF) , Revista de Investigación Universitaria , 1 : 84–97, retrieved 2017-09-04 Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Ramassamy, Benjamin; Lambert, Olivier; Collareta, Alberto; Urbina, Mario; Bianucci, Giovanni (2018), "Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius : searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities" (PDF) , Fossil Record 21 (1): 11–32, Bibcode :2018FossR..21...11R , doi :10.5194/fr-21-11-2018 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro (2018), Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , pp. 1–158, retrieved 2018-09-10 Archived 2018-09-11 at the Wayback Machine Stucchi, Marcelo; Emslie, Steven D.; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015a), "A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors" , Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35 (5): e972507, Bibcode :2015JVPal..35E2507S , doi :10.1080/02724634.2015.972507 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Stucchi, Marcelo; Varas Malca, Rafael M.; Urbina Schmitt, Mario (2015b), "New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean" (PDF) , Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 (2): 417–427, retrieved 2019-02-13 Stucchi, M (2007), "Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú" (PDF) , 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero , 8 : 367–373, retrieved 2017-09-04 Pozo Formation Antoine, P.O.; Marivaux, L.; Croft, D.A. ; Billet, G.; Ganerod, M.; Jaramillo, C. ; Martin, T.; Orliac, M.; Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi, J. (2011), "Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography" , Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279 (1732): 1319–1326, doi :10.1098/rspb.2011.1732 , PMC 3282368 PMID 21993503 , retrieved 2019-02-14 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )Boivin, Myriam; Marivaux, Laurent; Orliac, Maëva J.; Pujos, François; Salas Gismondi, Rodolfo; Tejada Lara, Julia V.; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier (2017), "Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia" , Palaeontologia Electronica 20 (1): Article number 20.1.19A, retrieved 2019-02-12 Soncco Formation Yahuarango Formation Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015), "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys" , Nature 520 (7548): 538–546, Bibcode :2015Natur.520..538B , doi :10.1038/nature14120 , PMID 25652825 , retrieved 2017-09-24 Campbell, K.E.; Frailey, C.D.; Romero Pittman, L. (2004), "The Paleogene Santa Rosa Local Fauna of Amazonian Perú: Geographic and Geologic Setting" (PDF) , Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series , 40 : 1–164, retrieved 2019-02-15 Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Campbell, Kenneth E.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J. (2013), "New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11 (6): 727–741, Bibcode :2013JSPal..11..727C , doi :10.1080/14772019.2012.704949 , hdl :11336/23283 , retrieved 2019-02-15 Yumaque Formation Lambert, O.; Martínez Cáceres, M.; Bianucci, G.; Di Celma, C.; Salas Gismondi, R.; Steurbaut, E.; Urbina, Mario; de Muizon, C. (2017), "Earliest Mysticete from the Late Eocene of Peru Sheds New Light on the Origin of Baleen Whales" , Current Biology 27 (10): 1–7, Bibcode :2017CBio...27E1535L , doi :10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.026 , PMID 28502655 , retrieved 2019-02-04
Uruguay
Pleistocene Camacho Formation Fernicola, Juan C.; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Propino, Kleberson (2018), "A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates" , Ameghiniana 55 (3): 233–252, doi :10.5710/AMGH.02.12.2017.3150 , hdl :11336/96801 , retrieved 2018-10-01 Rinderknecht, Andrés (2011), Estudio sobre los roedores gigantes del Uruguay, Departamento de San José (Mioceno tardío-Pliocene) y sus implicancias para la sistemática y taxonomía de la familia Dinomyidae (Mammalia, Rodentia) (PDF) , Universidad de la República , pp. 1–101, retrieved 2018-10-01 Verde, Mariano (2002), Icnología de la formación Camacho (Mioceno tardío) del Uruguay (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad de la República , pp. 1–125, retrieved 2017-08-15 Dolores Formation Alberdi, María Teresa; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2007), "Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay" , Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen , 243 (2): 179–189, doi :10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0243-0179 , retrieved 2017-05-07 Alvarenga, Herculano; Jones, Washington; Rinderknecht, Andrés (2010), "The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay" (PDF) , Neues Jahrbuch der Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 256 (2): 229–234, doi :10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052 , retrieved 2018-09-10 Gutiérrez, Mercedes; Prado, José Luis; Perea, Daniel; Ubilla, Martín (2005), "Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay" , Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte , 2005 (11): 641–662, doi :10.1127/njgpm/2005/2005/641 , retrieved 2017-05-07 Fray Bentos Formation Bond, Mariano; López, Guillermo; Reguero, Marcelo A.; Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Vucetich, María G. (1998), "Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina" , Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial , 5 : 41–50, retrieved 2018-09-12 Tófalo, Ofelia Rita; Morrás, Héctor J.M. (2009), "Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay" (PDF) , Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina , retrieved 2018-09-12 Raigón Formation San José Formation Sopas Formation Corona, Andrea; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (2019), "New records and diet reconstruction using dental microwear analysis for Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae)" , Andean Geology 46 : 153–167, doi :10.5027/andgeoV46n1-3136 , retrieved 2019-02-28
Venezuela
Chaguaramas Formation Horovitz, Inés; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2012), El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico (PDF) , Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado, pp. 133–156, retrieved 2017-10-21 Parángula Formation Falcón Basin
Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations Capadare Formation Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Langer, Max C. (2015), "The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina" (PDF) , PeerJ 3 : e1063, doi :10.7717/peerj.1063 PMC 4493680 PMID 26157628 , retrieved 2019-02-13 Archived 2017-12-02 at the Wayback Machine Penín Cendón, José Antonio; Villarroel Estaba, Vanessa Ilia (2005), Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón (PDF) , Universidad Central de Venezuela , pp. 1–199, retrieved 2017-08-15 Castillo Formation Johnson, Kenneth G.; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A. (2009), "The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela)" , PALAIOS 24 (1): 59–69, Bibcode :2009Palai..24...59J , CiteSeerX 10.1.1.617.9079 doi :10.2110/palo.2008.p08-004r , retrieved 2017-08-15 Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Núñez Flores, Mónica (2017), "Baraguatherium takumara , gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America" , Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24 (2): 179–191, doi :10.1007/s10914-016-9328-y , retrieved 2019-02-12 Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Benammi, Mouloud; Vignaud, Patrick; McDonald, H. Gregory (2014), "Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis" (PDF) , Andean Geology 41 : 507–528, retrieved 2018-09-07 Solórzano, Andrés; Rincón, Ascanio D.; Cidade, Giovanne M.; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Sánchez, Leonardo (2019), "Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela" (PDF) , Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 99 (2): 241–259, Bibcode :2019PdPe...99..241S , doi :10.1007/s12549-018-0332-5 , retrieved 2018-09-07 Urbani, Franco; Mendi, David (2010), "Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela" , Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales , LXX : 9–25, retrieved 2017-08-15 Mesa Formation Río Yuca Formation Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; Macsotay, Oliver; McDonald, H. Gregory; Nüñez Flores, Mónica (2016), "A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America" , Geobios 757 (5): 1–35, Bibcode :2016Geobi..49..395R , doi :10.1016/j.geobios.2016.06.005 , retrieved 2019-02-12 San Gregorio Formation Carlini, Alfredo A.; Brandoni, Diego; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2018), "A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela – implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America" , Palaeontologia Electronica 21 (2): Article number, doi :10.26879/771 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Castro, Mariela C.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2014), "A new Dasypodini armadillo (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from San Gregorio Formation, Pliocene of Venezuela: affinities and biogeographic interpretations" , Naturwissenschaften . (2): 1–10, Bibcode :2014NW....101...77C , CiteSeerX 10.1.1.721.1471 doi :10.1007/s00114-013-1131-5 , PMID 24414134 , retrieved 2017-08-15 Santa Inés Formation Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Maxwell, Erin; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Sánchez, Rodolfo; Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R. (2015), "Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela)", PLoS ONE 10 (10): e0139230, Bibcode :2015PLoSO..1039230C , doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0139230 PMC 4619466 PMID 26488163 Linares, Omar J (2004), "Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela" (PDF) , Paleobiología Neotropical , 1 : 1–26, retrieved 2017-08-15 Archived 2017-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard (2005), Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis) (PDF) , Universidad Simón Bolívar , pp. 1–92, retrieved 2017-10-27 Archived 2018-04-09 at the Wayback Machine Rincón, Ascanio D.; Solórzano, Andrés; McDonald, H. Gregory; Montellano Ballesteros, Marisol (2018), "Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities" , Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17 (5): 409–421, doi :10.1080/14772019.2018.1427639 , retrieved 2019-02-11 Rincón, Ascanio D.; McDonald, H. Gregory; Solórzano, Andrés; Núñez Flores, Mónica; Ruiz Ramoni, Damián (2015), "A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America" , Royal Society Open Science 2 (2): 140256, Bibcode :2015RSOS....240256R , doi :10.1098/rsos.140256 , PMC 4448802 PMID 26064594 , retrieved 2019-02-13
Further reading
Prado, José Luis; Alberdi, María Teresa (2017), Fossil Horses of South America: Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology Bibcode :2017fhsa.book.....P , ISBN 9783319558776 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Croft , Darin A (2016), Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America ISBN 9780253020949 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry (2013), Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America ISBN 9780253007193 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Fleagle, John G.; Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2013), The Platyrrhine Fossil Record ISBN 9781483267074 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Tambussi, Claudia P.; Degrange, Federico (2012), South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds: Paleobiogeographic Affinities and Disparities ISBN 9789400754676 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, Susana (2012), Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation ISBN 9780521194617 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Madden, Richard H (2010), The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia ISBN 9780521872416 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Aguilera, Órangel A.; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2010), Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics ISBN 9780253002006 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Croft, Darin A. ; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2004), "Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile" (PDF) , Fieldiana Geology 50 : 1–52, retrieved 2018-09-29 Hartwig, W.C. ; Meldrum, D.J. (2002), The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics Cambridge University Press , pp. 175–188, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2 , retrieved 2017-09-24 Kay, Richard F.; Madden, Richard H.; Flynn, John J.; Cifelli, Richard L. (1997), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia ISBN 9781935623854 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Simpson , George Gaylord (1996), Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals ISBN 9780783733111 , retrieved 2017-10-21 Pascual, Rosendo; Ortega Hinjosoa, Enrique J.; Gondar, Dolores; Tonni, Eduardo (1965), "Las edades del Cenozoico mamalífero de la Argentina, con especial atención a aquellas del territorio bonaerense" (PDF) , Anales C.I.C. , _ : 165–193, retrieved 2018-09-10
Ages Defining
Sources
