At the peak of the inter-ethnic wars of the 1990s that broke up Yugoslavia, a song called "Karadžiću, vodi Srbe svoje" (English: "Karadžić, Lead Your Serbs") was recorded in 1993.[2][7] The song was composed as a morale boosting tune for Serbian forces during one of the wars.[7] In the video of the song, the tune is performed by four males in Serbian paramilitary uniforms at a location with hilly terrain in the background.[2] Footage of captured Muslim prisoners in wartime Serb-run internment camps are featured in a falsified[8] version of the video which is popular on the Internet.[9]
Parts of the tune attempt to instill a sense of foreboding in their opponents with lines such as "The wolves are coming – beware, Ustashe and Turks".[2][3][9] Derogatory terms are used in the song, such as "Ustaše" in reference to ultranationalist and fascist[10]Croat fighters and "Turks" for Bosniaks, with lyrics warning that Serbs, under the leadership of Radovan Karadžić, were coming for them.[2][3][5][9]
The song's content celebrates Serb fighters and the killing of Bosniaks and Croats along with wartime Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić, who was on 24 March 2016 found guilty of genocide against Bosnian Muslims and crimes against humanity during the Bosnian War (part of the Yugoslav Wars).[2][9][11] Karadžić was convicted of "persecution, extermination, deportation, forcible transfer, and murder in connection with his campaign to drive Bosnian Muslims and Croats out of villages claimed by Serb forces".[12] On 20 March 2019, his appeal was rejected and his 40 year sentence was increased to life imprisonment.[13] During the Bosnian War, the song was a marching anthem for nationalist Serb paramilitaries (revived "Chetniks").[14]
The song has been rewritten multiple times in various languages and has retained its militant and anti-Bosnian themes.[2] "Remove Kebab" is the name for the song used by the alt-right and other ultranationalist groups.[5]
Internet popularity
Between 2006 and 2008, numerous edits of the video, originally made for the mockumentary TV show Četnovizija,[15][user-generated source] were posted on the Internet.[2] Throughout the 2000s, the video was parodied for its aggressively jingoistic nature.[16] Meanwhile, a Turkish internet user parodied the sentiment of Serbian nationalists online, with a satirical incoherent rant beginning with "remove kebab" and ending with the claim that Tupac is alive in Serbia.[17] Although the rant initially intended to parody racism, the origins were lost once it became a common phrase in alt-right discourse.[18]
The song's popularity rose over time with radical elements of many right-wing groups within the West.[2][3] The song is far more famous in the rest of the world than in the Balkans.[21][22][23] Novislav Đajić, the song's alleged accordion player, has since become a widespread 4chan meme and is called "Dat Face Soldier" or the image itself as "Remove Kebab".[2][3][4][24][20] Đajić had been convicted in Germany for his part in the murder of 14 people during the war, resulting in 5 years imprisonment and deportation to another country following his jail sentence in 1997.[2]
Academic research found that in a dataset obtained by scraping Know Your Meme in 2018, "Remove Kebab" constituted 1 of every 200 entries per community in a data set sampled for political memes.[25] "Remove Kebab" was particularly common on Gab, an alt-tech social media platform known for its far-right userbase.[25]
Following the shootings, various videos of the song were removed from YouTube, including some with over a million views. Users quickly re-uploaded the tune, saying it was to "protest censorship".[28] In an interview following the shooting, the main singer of the song, Željko Grmuša, said, "It is terrible what that guy did in New Zealand, of course I condemn that act. I feel sorry for all those innocent people. But he started killing and he would do that no matter what song he listened to."[7][21]