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Sabre Dance

This article is about the musical piece. For the aerodynamic phenomenon, see Pitch-up.
"Sabre Dance"
14-second-long sample
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The cover of a 1953 record of "Sabre Dance" by the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra[1]

"Sabre Dance"[a] is a movement in the final act of Aram Khachaturian's ballet Gayane (1942), where the dancers display their skill with sabres.[2] It is Khachaturian's best known and most recognizable work worldwide.[3][4] In the composer’s own words, the “Dance of the Kurds”, which subsequently became the “Sabre Dance”, originated with the insistence of the Director of the Kirov Theatre already after the rehearsal process had commenced. Although Khachaturian considered the score to be complete, he reluctantly agreed to add another dance in the last act.[5][6][7]

"Sabre Dance" is considered one of the signature pieces of 20th-century popular music.[8] It was popularized by covers by pop artists,[9] first in the U.S. in 1948 and later elsewhere. Its use in a wide range in films and television over the decades have significantly contributed to its renown.[10] "Sabre Dance" has also been used by a number of figure skaters from at least five countries in their performances.

Composition

It is notable for its employment of percussion instruments, especially the xylophone[11][12] (or tubaphone).[13] Daniel Chetel wrote that it features "very active percussion" with the lead of the xylophone and "dramatic glissandi for the trumpet and trombone."[14]

Its brief middle section in 3
4 includes a prominent cello soli in tenor clef and alto saxophone,[14] and is based on an unnamed Armenian folk song.[2][15] According to Tigran Mansurian, it is a synthesis of an Armenian wedding dance tune from Gyumri tied in a saxophone counterpoint "that seems to come straight from America."[16] Woodwind auxiliaries include the piccolo, English horn, and bass clarinet. The harp is active throughout, while the celesta plays at the very end.[14]

Popularity and critical reception

NPR described it as "one of the catchiest, most familiar—perhaps most maddening—tunes to come out of the 20th century."[17] The New York Times noted that Khachaturian "never disowned the 'Sabre Dance', but he did feel, apparently, that it deflected attention from his other works." He told an American interviewer, "It's like one button on my shirt, and I have many buttons."[18] According to Nikolai Kapustin, Khachaturian did not like "when people are constantly performing his Sabre Dance and whistling at the same time." Kapustin told how Khachaturian once "imitated that kind of performance for us. We were laughing. Khachaturian, as well as Prokofiev, had a special sense of humor. They liked to joke with their friends, but only with close people, not everyone."[19]

Steven Poole notes that its "insistent xylophone-accented melody" has "become a kind of global musical shorthand for cartoonish urgency."[20] Critics Peter G. Davis and Martin Bernheimer have called it "infamous" and "obnoxious,"[21][22] Jed Distler characterized it as "notorious",[23] while David Mermelstein called it "garish and ubiquitous."[24] Other critics have called it "furiously paced",[25] "flashing",[26] "rollicking,"[27] "rousing",[28] "bustling,"[29] "blazing",[30] "high-tension, catchy and rhythmically insistent".[31]

Classical performances and recordings

Oscar Levant helped popularize "Sabre Dance" in the United States in 1947–49.

After World War II, records of dances from Khachaturian's ballet Gayane reached the west and "Sabre Dance" "caused an immediate sensation and straightaway becoming a popular classical hit."[32] In 1948, three records of "Sabre Dance" reached number one in the Billboard Best-Selling Records by Classical Artists: by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Artur Rodziński),[33][34] by the New York Philharmonic (conducted by Efrem Kurtz),[35][b] and by the pianist Oscar Levant (Columbia Records).[37] They were among the Year's Top Selling Classical Artists,[38] and it was the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's first million-selling record.[39] A record by the Boston Pops Orchestra also made it to the classical chart.[40]

According to the Current Biography Yearbook, it was Levant's performance that "received popular attention."[41] Levant published a piano solo version of it and played the piece five times on the radio program Kraft Music Hall between December 1947 and December 1948.[42] He also played it on the piano in the 1949 film The Barkleys of Broadway.[43]

"Sabre Dance" has also been recorded by Russian-American violinist Jascha Heifetz (1948, transcribed it for violin/piano),[44][36] Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Fabien Sevitzky, in 1953),[1] the Hungarian-French pianist György Cziffra (1956),[45] the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (conducted by Yuri Temirkanov, 1986),[46] the London Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Stanley Black, 1989),[47] the Irish flute player James Galway (1993 album Dances for Flute),[48] the Bolshoi Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Alexander Lazarev, 1994),[49] the National Symphony Orchestra (conducted by Loris Tjeknavorian, 2005),[50] Franco-Serbian violinist Nemanja Radulović (2014).[51][52]

In 1986 Irish flautist James Galway made a flute transcription of "Sabre Dance" along with other works of Khachaturian.[53]

Covers

U.S. hit (1948)

"There's a rash of sabre dance disks based on the familiar excerpts from Aram Khachaturian's Gay[a]ne Ballet Suite."

 —Billboard, February 1948[54]

In 1948 "Sabre Dance" was recorded by a number of singers and became a jukebox hit in the U.S.,[58] prompting Newsweek to suggest that it could be called the "Khachaturian Year in the United States."[59]

By May 1948, three records of "Sabre Dance"—a pop-boogie hit by Freddy Martin,[60] a dance-band version by Woody Herman,[61] and a vocal version by The Andrews Sisters with harmonica backing[62]—made it to Billboard's Most-Played Juke Box Records at No. 8, No. 13, and No. 28, respectively.[63]

Aside from these three versions, it was also recorded by Victor Young's orchestra (Decca Records),[36] Ray Bloch's orchestra (Signature Records), Macklin Marrow's orchestra (MGM), pianist Oscar Levant (Columbia Records), the Angie Bond Trio (Dick Records), and the Harmonickings (Jubilee Records), Macklin Morrow (MGM), Harry Horlick (Crown Recordings).[36] According to John Sforza "Sabre Dance" is a "good example of multiple recordings of the same song in the 1940s recording industry."[64] The pianist David Rose played it on The Red Skelton Show.[36] Charles Magnante offered an arrangement for the accordion and Harry James one for trumpet.[36]

Two decades later, in 1968, when Khachaturian visited the U.S., New York Post music critic Harriett Johnson noted that "Sabre Dance" is Khachaturian's "most popular piece in this country."[65] New York Times critic Harold C. Schonberg agreed, calling it "enormously popular" and adding that the "little whirling piece occupies the same place in his output that the C sharp minor Prelude did in Rachmaninoff's."[66]

Later versions

"Sabre Dance" has been used in numerous films, animated films, television series, video games, and commercials over the years, oftentimes for humorous effects.[98] The piece's popular familiarity has been enhanced by its traditional use as accompaniment by travelling circuses[99] and on television variety shows such as The Ed Sullivan Show (1948–1971) when novelty acts such as plate spinners appeared.[17]

Conan O'Brien's late night talk show (1993–2009) used it as the theme for the masturbating bear.[100]

In Russia, the KVN team Uralskiye pelmeni performed a sketch using the piece in 2004.[101]

On June 6, 2013, on the 110th anniversary of Khachaturian's birthday a modern take of the Sabre Dance—Sabre Dance on the Street—was performed at Yerevan Cascade by the Barekamutyun dance ensemble and Armenian Philharmonic Orchestra.[102][103][104]

Films and series

Films in which "Sabre Dance" was used include The Barkleys of Broadway (1949), One, Two, Three (1961),[105] The System (1964), The Seven Brides of Lance-Corporal Zbruyev (1970),[106] Amarcord (1973), Well, Just You Wait! 6th episode "Countryside" (1973), Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986), Repentance (1987), Punchline (1988), Hocus Pocus (1993), Radioland Murders (1994), The Hudsucker Proxy (1994),[107][108] Don't Drink the Water (1994), I Married a Strange Person! (1997), Vegas Vacation (1997), A Simple Wish (1997), Blues Brothers 2000 (1998), The Lion King 1½ (2004), Kung Fu Hustle (2005), Scoop (2006), Sicko (2007), Ghost Town (2008), Witless Protection (2008), Le Concert (2009), Pájaros de papel (2010), Sabre Dance (2015).[98] In his frenzied comedy One, Two, Three, director Billy Wilder used the dance repeatedly for comic effect, including a crazed chase through East Berlin, and the chaotic closing ride to the airport featuring James Cagney and Horst Buchholz. It was also played briefly in Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted. A band plays the song in the beginning of the movie Hotel Transylvania: Transformania (2022).

Some notable television shows that have used it include The Jack Benny Program (1961), "A Piano in the House" from The Twilight Zone (1962), The Onedin Line (1971 and 1972), The Benny Hill Show (1985), Our Very First Telethon episode of Full House (1990), The Simpsons (1991), The Nanny (1996), "Dexter Is Dirty" from Dexter's Laboratory (1997), Two and a Half Men (2004), "Recipe for Disaster" from What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2004), "Peterotica" episode of Family Guy (2006), SpongeBob SquarePants (2007), and The Big Bang Theory (2009).[109] The song was featured in The Amazing Race 28, when teams travelled to Armenia and had to search the Yerevan Opera Theater for their next clue.

Video games

Video games in which "Sabre Dance" was used include:

  • Road Runner (the 1985 Atari System 1 arcade version).
  • Sleeping Dogs on the classical Boosey and Hawkes radio station.
  • Final Fantasy IV, as background music for the dancing girls' routines.
  • Aero the Acro-Bat, as the music in the very first stage (Sega Genesis version), or possibly the 'invulnerability' theme in other versions.
  • StepManiaX, as a remixed version of it by MonstDeath.
  • Team Fortress 2, as the Heavy can be heard singing a part of it occasionally.
  • Dota 2, whenever the character Ringmaster uses one of his abilities.

Use in sports

The National Hockey League (NHL)'s Buffalo Sabres have used the piece as a theme song since the team was established in 1970.[110] After a hiatus, "Sabre Dance" was again made their theme song in 2011.[111][112]

In 2010-2013, "Sabre Dance" was played at Donbass Arena, the venue of the Ukrainian football club Shakhtar Donetsk, whenever the Armenian football player Henrikh Mkhitaryan scored a goal.[113]

"Sabre Dance" was featured in the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony held in Fisht Olympic Stadium, Sochi, Russia on February 7.[114][115][116]

Figure skating

"Sabre Dance" has been used by numerous figure skaters, including:

Season(s) Skaters Country Competition Ref
1981–82 Natalia Bestemianova
Andrei Bukin 		 Soviet Union 1982 World Figure Skating Championships: free skating [117][118][119]
1986 Suzanne Semanick
Scott Gregory 		 United States U.S. Championship [120]
1986–88 Debi Thomas  United States [121][122][123][124]
1994 Scott Hamilton  United States 1994 World Professional Figure Skating Championships [125][126]
1994 Michelle Kwan  United States 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships: short program [127]
1999 Johnny Weir  United States short program [128]
1999–00 Evgeni Plushenko  Russia short program [129]
2001–02 Stanislav Morozov
Aliona Savchenko 		 Ukraine short program [130]
2001–02 Takahiko Kozuka  Japan short program [131]
2004–05 Stanislav Morozov
Tatiana Volosozhar 		 Ukraine free skating [132]
2004–05 Daisuke Takahashi  Japan short program [133][134]
2005–06 Takahito Mura  Japan short program [135]
2006–07 Maximin Coia
Adeline Canac 		 France free skating [136]
2007 Ryuju Hino  Japan Skate Asia 2007: short program [137]
2012–13 Yulia Lipnitskaya  Russia short program [138][139]
2014 2014 European Figure Skating Championships exhibition [140]

References

Notes
  1. ^ Armenian: Սուսերով պար, Suserov par
    Russian: Танец с саблями, Tanets s sablyami
  2. ^ Kurtz also recorded it with the Kansas City Philharmonic.[36]
Citations
  1. ^ a b "Classical Selections of EP Singles ...". Billboard. August 29, 1953. p. 29.
  2. ^ a b "2011–2012 Concerts for Young People: Aram Khachaturian (1903–1978) "Sabre Dance" from Gayane" (PDF). Atlanta Symphony Orchestra. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 12, 2014. The "Sabre Dance" is in the final act. It is where the dancers display their skills with sabres. Its middle section is based on an Armenian folk song ...
  3. ^ Frolova-Walker, Marina (Summer 1998). ""National in Form, Socialist in Content": Musical Nation-Building in the Soviet Republics". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 51 (2). University of California Press on behalf of the American Musicological Society: 362. doi:10.2307/831980. JSTOR 831980. ... Khachaturian's most popular piece, the Sabre Dance ...
  4. ^ Robinson, Harlow (2013). "The Caucasian Connection: National Identity in the Ballets of Aram Khachaturian". In Kanet, Roger E. (ed.). Identities, Nations and Politics After Communism. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9781317968665. ...particularly the "Sabre Dance," which became the single most recognized piece of Khachaturian...
  5. ^ Shakarian, Pietro A. (8 November 2017). "Top Ten Origins: Russia's Relations with the Kurds | Origins". origins.osu.edu. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023.
  6. ^ Helper, Allegra; Wasatch, Juanita (April 16, 2002). "Facets Model Assignment: "Sabre Dance"". Weber State University. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023.
  7. ^ "Aram Khachaturian - "Sabre Dance" from Gaiane". Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024.
  8. ^ Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  9. ^ Staines, Joe (2010). The Rough Guide to Classical Music. Penguin. ISBN 9781405383219. Filled with a sparkling array of folk-inspired tunes, its most famous episode, the manic "Sabre Dance", has had a life of its own, even materializing as a pop single.
  10. ^ "Khachaturian: "Sabre Dance" from Gayaneh". University of North Georgia Department of Music. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016.
  11. ^ Blades, James (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History. Bold Strummer. p. 341. ISBN 9780933224612. Khachaturian employs the xylophone freely in Dance of Young Maidens and Sabre Dance in his Gayaneh Ballet (1942)...
  12. ^ Longe, Jacqueline L. (2001). How Products are Made: An Illustrated Guide to Product Manufacturing, Volume 6. Gale Group. p. 462. ISBN 9780787636425. Khachaturian's "Sabre Dance" from his ballet called "Gayane Suite" has a challenging xylophone part...
  13. ^ Abrashev, Bozhidar; Gadjev, Vladimir; Radevsky, Anton (2000). The illustrated encyclopedia of musical instruments: From all eras and regions of the world. Cologne: Könemann. p. 293. A fine example of its use is in Khachaturian's Sabre Dance from Gayane.
  14. ^ a b c Chetel, Daniel (2020). Accessible Orchestral Repertoire: An Annotated Guide for Community and School Orchestras. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 9781442275805.
  15. ^ "Sabre Dance from Gayane". Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. There is a brief moment of contrast at the center, with a quotation of an Armenian folk song.
  16. ^ In the documentary Khachaturian (2003, directed by Peter Rosen), Tigran Mansurian states at around 33:00: "What an interesting synthesis! He's taken a melody from Gyumri, an Armenian wedding dance tune ... and he's tied in a saxophone counterpoint that seems to come straight from America. The relationship between the two seems so organic, so interesting!"
    The film is available online: "Khachaturian: The virtuous Soviet Armenian composer (2003)". EuroArtsChannel on YouTube. July 29, 2017. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. ^ a b Huizenga, Tom (5 June 2003). "The 'Sabre Dance' Man". NPR. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
  18. ^ "Khachaturian, a Leading Soviet Composer, Dies at 74". The New York Times. 3 May 1978. (archived)
  19. ^ Tyulkova, Yana (2019). "Another significant meeting for Kapustin in Mikhalkov's house was his acquaintance with Aram Khachaturian.". Conversations with Nikolai Kapustin. Schott Music. ISBN 978-3-95983-591-6.
  20. ^ Poole, Steven (12 June 2003). "Cinematic for the people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 September 2014.
  21. ^ Davis, Peter G. (July 29, 1979). "A Festival of Russian Ballet Scores". The New York Times. ...the familiar material, including the infamous "Sabre Dance,"...
  22. ^ Bernheimer, Martin (July 3, 2009). "New York Philharmonic/Tovey, Avery Fisher Hall". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. The obnoxious "Sabre Dance" rattled brashly, as is its wont.
  23. ^ Distler, Jed (15 January 2004). "Moiseiwitsch, Volume 7". ClassicsToday.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. The same holds true for Khachaturian's Toccata and Oscar Levant's deliciously unsubtle transcription of the notorious Sabre Dance.
  24. ^ Mermelstein, David (September 23, 2001). "MUSIC; A Big Hit In Need Of Revival". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Soviet Union's 'Mr. Sabre Dance' dies at 74". The Montreal Gazette. (via UPI-AP). May 3, 1978. Archived from the original on 15 July 2023.
  26. ^ "Americans Overrule Stalin on Music Likes". Deseret News. February 28, 1948. p. 4. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023.
  27. ^ Carr Jr, Victor. "VENGEROV & VIRTUOSI". ClassicsToday.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. ...and Khachaturian's rollicking Sabre Dance.
  28. ^ a b Taruskin, Richard (2009). Music in the Late Twentieth Century: The Oxford History of Western Music. Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-979600-7. Khachaturian .. famous in the West for some colorful concertos and a ballet suite containing a rousing "Sabre Dance" that became a jukebox hit.
  29. ^ Taylor, James C. (September 14, 2003). "Back, with flash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023.
  30. ^ Markow, Robert (2022). "Program Notes" (PDF). Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2022.
  31. ^ Dervan, Michael (February 23, 2023). "Cellist Leonard Elschenbroich: 'I've been wanting to play Khachaturian all my life'". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2023.
  32. ^ March, Ivan (2011). "Khachaturian Gayaneh; Spartacus". Gramophone. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Retail Record Sales: Best-Selling Records by Classical Artists". Billboard. 10 April 1948. p. 30.
  34. ^ "Retail Record Sales: Best-Selling Records by Classical Artists". Billboard. 26 June 1948. p. 27.
  35. ^ "Retail Record Sales: Best-Selling Records by Classical Artists". Billboard. 10 April 1948. p. 39.
  36. ^ a b c d e f "Kaput in Russia; Wins U.S. Acclaim". Lawrence Journal-World. (via AP). 17 March 1948. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023.
  37. ^ "Retail Record Sales: Best-Selling Records by Classical Artists". Billboard. 15 May 1948. p. 25.
  38. ^ "The Year's Top Selling Classical Artists Over Retail Counters". Billboard. 1 January 1949. p. 19.
  39. ^ Hoffman, Frank, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound, Volume 1: A-L. New York: Routledge. p. 184. ISBN 978-0-203-48427-2.
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  41. ^ "Khachaturian, Aram". Current Biography Yearbook. 9. New York: H. W. Wilson Company: 345. 1949. The music is available on records, however, and as a result of its performance by Oscar Levant, the "Sabre Dance," a part of the suite, has received popular attention. Played in four-quarter rather than the three-quarter time in which it was written, "Sabre Dance" is "a juke-box sensation"; an adaptation, "Sabre Dance Boogie," has also been introduced.
  42. ^ Boyd, Caleb Taylor (15 May 2020). "Oscar Levant: Pianist, Gershwinite, Middlebrow Media Star". Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021.
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  47. ^ Stanley Black / London Symphony Orchestra. "Khachaturian: Spartacus; Masquerade; Gayaneh (Release Date October 23, 1989)". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019.
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    "Sabre Dance"
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