Prefix for ships that carry mail under contract by the British Royal Mail
RMS "Crown" as displayed by the Cunard liner Laconia
Royal Mail steamship routes
Royal Mail Ship (sometimes Steam-ship or Steamer ), usually seen in its abbreviated form RMS , is the ship prefix used for seagoing vessels that carry mail under contract to the British Royal Mail . The designation dates back to 1840.[ 1] Any vessel designated as "RMS" has the right both to fly the pennant of the Royal Mail when sailing and to include the Royal Mail "crown" insignia with any identifying device and/or design for the ship.[ 2] [ 3] [ 4]
It was used by many shipping lines, but is often associated in particular with the White Star Line , Cunard Line ,[ 2] [ 5] Royal Mail Lines , Union-Castle Line , Canadian Pacific Line , Orient Line and the P&OSNC , which held a number of high-profile mail contracts , and traditionally prefixed the names of many of their ships with the initials "RMS".
While some lines in the past, particularly the Royal Mail Lines , called all their ships "RMS", technically a ship would use the prefix only while contracted to carry mail, and would revert at other times to a standard designation such as "SS ".[ 6] [ 7]
History
RMS Prince Arthur
Originally, the British Admiralty operated these ships.[ 8]
The designation "RMS" has been used since 1840.[ 9] In 1850 contracts were awarded to private companies. Having the title "RMS" was seen as a mark of quality and a competitive advantage, because the mail had to be on time.
RMS Titanic
The most valuable route, with the highest volume, was between Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire ), in Ireland , and Holyhead in Wales . The City of Dublin Steam Packet Company (CDSPCo) won the contract. They bought RMS St Columba and RMS Llewellyn from the Admiralty to supplement their Prince Arthur . In the CDSPCo contract, in 1860, there was a penalty clause of £1 1s 4d for every minute's delay.
The Canadian Pacific Railway 's trans-Pacific Royal Mail contract required the building of the first three of a fleet of steamships: the RMS Empress of China , RMS Empress of India and RMS Empress of Japan which regularly sailed between Vancouver and Asia beginning in 1891.[ 10]
The RMS designation was also used on the ships of the White Star , P&O and Cunard lines of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Modern times
Royal Mail aircraft-marking; on a British Airways Airbus A320-232 G-EUUI
In recent years the shift to air transport for mail has left only three ships with the right to the prefix or its variations: RMS Segwun , which serves as a passenger vessel in Gravenhurst, Ontario , Canada; RMV Scillonian III , which serves the Isles of Scilly ; and RMS Queen Mary 2 . QM2 was conferred "RMS" by Royal Mail when she entered service in 2004 on the Southampton to New York route as a gesture to Cunard's history.[ 2]
The Royal Mail continues a form of this tradition on modern day airliners . The UK's flag carrier airline, British Airways , is contracted to carry mail on some of its scheduled long-distance routes. Aircraft operating these routes with the facilities to carry mail are allowed to display the Royal Mail's logo and crest on their fuselage, usually alongside their registration markings.
Other designations
The less-common designations RMMV for Royal Mail Motor Vessel and RMMS for Royal Mail Motor Ship , were used for a period when RMS was restricted to steam-ships. Motor Vessel and Motor Ship indicated that propulsion was provided by diesel rather than steam .
The RMV Scillonian III carries the designation RMV for Royal Mail Vessel and is the only active RMV.
List of Royal Mail Ships
Service dates are the years with the status of Royal Mail Ship. Those highlighted are still in service with the status of Royal Mail Ship.
Name
Line
In service
Left service
Status
Adriatic
White Star
1907
1934
Scrapped
Alaunia
Cunard
1913
1916
Sunk by mine
Alaunia
Cunard
1925
1957
Scrapped
Alaunia
Cunard
1960
1969
Sold 1969 to Brocklebank Line and renamed as Malancha , sold again in 1971 to Panama as Humi Nastta and fate unknown
Albania
Cunard
1911
1930
Built in 1900 as Consuelo , bought by Cunard 1911 & renamed Albania , sold 1912 & renamed Poleric , scrapped 1930
Alcantara
Royal Mail SP Co
1913
1916
Sunk by enemy action
Alcantara
Royal Mail SP Co
1926
1958
Scrapped
Almanzora
Royal Mail SP Co
1906
1948
Scrapped
Amanda
Pickford & Black
—
—
—
Amazon
Royal Mail SP Co
1906
1916
Sunk by enemy action
Andania
Cunard
1913
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Andania
Cunard
1921
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Andes
Royal Mail SP Co
1913
1929
Scrapped after finishing career as the cruise ship Atlantis
Andes
Royal Mail Lines
1939
1959
Scrapped in 1971 after finishing career as a cruise ship
Antonia
Cunard
1921
1948
Scrapped
Aquitania
Cunard
1914
1950
Scrapped
Arabia
Peninsular and Oriental
1898
1916
Sunk by enemy action
Aragon
Royal Mail SP Co
1905
1917
Sunk by enemy action
Arlanza
Royal Mail SP Co
1912
1938
Scrapped
Arundel Castle
Union-Castle
1921
1959
Scrapped
Ascania
Cunard
1923
1957
Scrapped
Asturias
Royal Mail SP Co
1925
1957
Scrapped
Aurania
Cunard
1881
1905
Scrapped
Aurania
Cunard
1916
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Aurania
Cunard
1924
1961
Scrapped
Atlantic
White Star
1871
1873
Sunk after collision with rocks
Ausonia
Cunard
1921
1965
Scrapped
Avon
Royal Mail SP Co
1906 and 1919
1914 and 1929
Converted as troopship in 1914, then as armed merchant cruiser 1915 and renamed HMS Avoca , return to owners and renamed Avon in 1919; scrapped 1930
Baltic
White Star
1904
1933
Scrapped
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1845
1860
Wrecked
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1875
1906
Scrapped
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1908
1915
Sunk by enemy action
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1927
1965
Scrapped
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1966
1984
Scrapped
Ben-my-Chree
IoM Steam Packet
1998
2008
Currently on active service as RO/PAX vessel
Berengaria
Cunard
1913
1938
Scrapped
Britannia
Cunard
1840
1880
Sunk
Britannic
White Star
1874
1903
Scrapped
Britannic
White Star
1915
1916
Sunk by mine
Britannic
White Star
1929
1960
Scrapped
Bulimba
British India Steam Navigation Company
1886
1922
Built 1881, sold to China in 1882, scrapped in 1933.
Capetown Castle
Union-Castle
1937
1966
Scrapped
Campania
Cunard
1891
1918
Sank after collision with HMS Glorious
Carinthia
Cunard
1925
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Carinthia
Cunard
1956
1968
Sold 1968; renamed Fairland ; scrapped 2006
Carmania
Cunard
1905
1932
Scrapped
Carnarvon Castle
Union-Castle
1926 and 1950
1939 and 1963
Commissioned as HMS Carnarvon Castle from 1939 to 1947.
Carpathia
Cunard
1903
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Caronia
Cunard
1905
1933
Scrapped
Caronia
Cunard White Star
1948
1974
Scrapped
Celtic
White Star
1901
1933
Scrapped
Cedric
White Star
1903
1932
Scrapped
Columba
David MacBrayne
1879
1936
Scrapped
Columba
David MacBrayne
1964
1968
Owned by the Secretary of State for Scotland , chartered to David MacBrayne. Renamed MV Columba in 1968. Currently in active service as Hebridean Princess .
Doric
White Star
1923
1935
Scrapped after collision with the Formigny
Douglas
IoM Steam Packet
1858
1862
Sold to Cunard, Wilson and Co. Later scrapped
Douglas
IoM Steam Packet
1864
1888
Scrapped
Douglas
IoM Steam Packet
1901
1923
Sunk after collision with Artemisia
Dunottar Castle
Union-Castle
1890
1915
Sunk during bad weather
Durham Castle
Union-Castle
1904
1940
Sunk by mine
Ebro
Royal Mail SP Co
1914
1954
Scrapped after becoming NT Serpa Pinto
Ellan Vannin
Castletown Steam Navigation Company
1854
1858
Sold to the Government of Sardinia , renamed Archimedes
Ellan Vannin
IoM Steam Packet
1883
1909
Sunk during bad weather in the River Mersey, December, 1909
Empress of Asia [ 11]
Canadian Pacific
1913
1942[ 11]
Sunk by enemy action
Empress of Australia [ 6]
Canadian Pacific
1922
1952[ 12]
Scrapped
Empress of Australia
Canadian Pacific
1953
1956
Scrapped
Empress of Britain
Canadian Pacific
1906
1930
Scrapped
Empress of Britain
Canadian Pacific
1931
1940[ 13]
Sunk by enemy action
Empress of Britain
Canadian Pacific
1956
1965
Scrapped
Empress of Canada
Canadian Pacific
1922
1943
Sunk by enemy action
Empress of Canada
Canadian Pacific
1929
1953
Scrapped
Empress of Canada [ 14]
Canadian Pacific
1961
2003
Scrapped
Empress of China [ 15]
Canadian Pacific
1891
1912
Scrapped
Empress of England [ 16]
Canadian Pacific
1957
1970
Scrapped
Empress of France
Canadian Pacific
1914
1931
Scrapped
Empress of India [ 15]
Canadian Pacific
1891
1919
Scrapped
Empress of India
Canadian Pacific
1908
1928
Scrapped
Empress of Ireland
Canadian Pacific
1906
1914
Sunk after collision with SS Storstad
Empress of Japan
Canadian Pacific
1930
1966
Scrapped after fire
Empress of Russia [ 17]
Canadian Pacific
1913
1945[ 17]
Scrapped after fire
Empress of Scotland
Canadian Pacific
1906
1930
Scrapped
Empress of Scotland
Canadian Pacific
1930
1966
Scrapped after fire
Empress Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1897
1916
Foundered on the Ring Rocks off Bembridge, Isle of Wight, February, 1916
Etruria
Cunard
1885
1909
Scrapped
Fenella
IoM Steam Packet
1881
1929
Scrapped
Fenella
IoM Steam Packet
1937
1940
Sunk by enemy action at the Dunkirk evacuation .
Fenella
IoM Steam Packet
1951
1973
Sold 1973 and renamed Vasso M. Sank off Damietta, 2 February 1977
Franconia
Cunard
1922
1956
Scrapped
Franconia
Cunard
1963
1971
See Ivernia .
Germanic
White Star
1875
1950
Scrapped
Georgic
White Star
1933
1954
Scrapped
Homeric
White Star
1922
1935
Scrapped
Ivernia
Cunard
1955
1971
Renamed RMS Franconia 1963, sold 1973 and renamed Feodor Shalyapin ; scrapped 2004
Kenya Castle
Union-Castle
1951
1967
Sold to Chandris of Greece and renamed Amerikanis ; used until 1996 and sold after 2000 and scrapped 2001
King Orry
IoM Steam Packet
1842
1858
Sold 1858
King Orry
IoM Steam Packet
1871
1912
Scrapped
King Orry
IoM Steam Packet
1913
1940
Sunk by enemy action at the Dunkirk evacuation
King Orry
IoM Steam Packet
1946
1975
Scrapped
King Orry
IoM Steam Packet
1990
1998
Sold 1998
Knight of Malta
Cassar Co. Ltd.
1929
1941
Wrecked
Laconia
Cunard
1912
1917
Sunk by enemy action
Laconia
Cunard
1922
1942
Sunk by enemy action
Lady Drake
Canadian National
1928
1942
Sunk by enemy action
Lady Hawkins
Canadian National
1928
1942
Sunk by enemy action
Lady Nelson
Canadian National
1928
1939
Acquired as hospital ship and later as troop ship by Royal Canadian Navy ; returned to CN 1946; retired by CN 1952 and sold to Egypt as Gumhuryat Misr for Khedivial Mail Line , renamed Alwadi in 1960; broken up in Egypt 1968
Lady Rodney
Canadian National
1929
1953
Sold to Khedivial Mail Line and renamed Mecca , then to United Arab Maritime Company in 1961; scuttled in Egypt 1967
Lady Somers
Canadian National
1929
1940
Acquired by RN 1940 and sunk in Atlantic Ocean about 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Ponta Delgada , Azores 1941
Lady of Mann
IoM Steam Packet
1930
1971
Scrapped
Lady of Mann
IoM Steam Packet
1976
2005
Sold 2005
Lancastria
Cunard
1920
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Leinster
City of Dublin SP
1896
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Llandovery Castle
Union-Castle
1914
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Lucania
Cunard
1893
1909
Scrapped after fire
Lusitania
Cunard
1907
1915
Sunk after being torpedoed by SM U-20
Majestic
White Star
1922
1940
Scrapped
Maloja
Peninsular and Oriental
1923
1954
Scrapped
Manxman
IoM Steam Packet
1920
1940
Scrapped
Manxman
IoM Steam Packet
1955
1982
Scrapped
Manx Maid
IoM Steam Packet
1923
1950
Scrapped
Manx Maid
IoM Steam Packet
1962
1984
Scrapped
Manx Viking
IoM Steam Packet
1978
1987
Sold 1987
Mauretania
Cunard White Star
1906
1935
Scrapped
Mauretania
Cunard White Star
1939
1965
Scrapped
Medina
Peninsular and Oriental
1911
1917
Sunk by enemy action
Mona
IoM Steam Packet
1832
1841
Sold 1841
Mona
IoM Steam Packet
1878
1883
Sunk in the Formby Channel , after being struck by the SS Rita
Mona
IoM Steam Packet
1903
1909
Scrapped
Mona
IoM Steam Packet
1919
1938
Scrapped
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1830
1851
Scrapped
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1860
1883
Converted to screw propulsion and renamed Ellan Vannin , sank 1909 in River Mersey
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1882
1915
Scrapped
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1905
1948
Scrapped
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1950
1980
Scrapped
Mona's Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1984
1986
Sold 1986 and renamed Al Fahad ; wrecked off Jeddah, June 2004
Mona's Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1853
1880
Scrapped
Mona's Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1885
1929
Recommissioned in 1915; returned to service in 1919; Scrapped by Smith & Company in Port Glasgow, 1929
Mona's Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1934
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Mona's Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1946
1962
Scrapped in 1981
Mona's Queen
IoM Steam Packet
1972
1995
Scrapped in 2008
Mooltan
Peninsular and Oriental
1923
1953
Scrapped
Newfoundland
Johnston Warren Lines
1925
1943
Burnt out by enemy action
Niagara
Union Steamship Co of NZ
1912
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Nova Scotia
Johnston Warren Lines
1926
1942
Sunk by enemy action
Oceanic
White Star
1871
1896
Scrapped
Oceanic
White Star
1899
1914
Scrapped
Olympic
White Star
1911
1935
Scrapped
Orama
Orient Line
1911
1917
Torpedoed by SM U-62 south of Western Approaches
Orama
Orient Line
1924
1940
Sunk by the German cruiser Admiral Hipper off Norway
Orizaba
Orient Line
1886
1905
Wrecked off Garden Island , Fremantle
Ormuz
Orient Line
1886
1912
Sold to Cie de Nav. Sud-Atlantique, renamed SS Divona ; last owned by Union Industrielle Et Maritime (U.I.M) and scuttled in 1942 off Bizerta , Tunisia , raised and scrapped in 1946
Ormuz
Orient Line
1920
1927
ex-Zeppelin , 1920 renamed Ormuz , 1927 sold to North German Lloyd , renamed Dresden .
Orontes
Orient Line
1902
1916
Lost RMS status in 1916–1917 while serving as a troopship. Laid up in 1921. Sold in 1922 and became the exhibition ship SS British Trade . Repossessed by Orient Line later the same year and reverted to Orontes (although not with the status of RMS). Scrapped in 1926.
Orotava
Orient Line
1889
1906
Served as a troop ship between 1899 and 1903 as a troopship during the Second Boer War . Scrapped.
Oruba
Orient Line
1889
1906
Scrapped.
Otranto
Orient Line
1926 and 1948
1939 and 1957
Served as troop ship HMTS Otranto during World War II . Sold to the British Iron & Steel Corporation as scrap and broken up at Faslane.
Peel Castle
IoM Steam Packet
1912
1939
Scrapped
Pendennis Castle
Union-Castle
1959
1980
Scrapped
Persia
Cunard
1855
1872
Scrapped
Peveril
IoM Steam Packet
1884
1899
Sank off Douglas after a collision with SS Monarch 16 September 1899
Peveril
IoM Steam Packet
1929
1964
Scrapped
Port Kingston
Imperial Direct West Mail Co
1904
1911
Sold to Union Steamship Co of NZ ; renamed Tahiti ; sank 1930
Prince of Wales
IoM Steam Packet
1888
1915
Scrapped
Queen Elizabeth
Cunard White Star
1947
1968
Launched in 1940 and served as a troop ship until 1946. Scrapped after arson fire.
Queen Mary
Cunard White Star
1936 and 1947
1940 and 1967
Served as a troop ship from 1940 to 1946. Decommissioned in 1967; currently restaurant/hotel/museum in Long Beach, California
Queen Mary 2
Cunard
2004
Conferred the status of Royal Mail Ship as a gesture to Cunard's history but does not carry mail.[ 18] Currently in active service as an ocean liner.
Queen of the Isle
IoM Steam Packet
1834
1845
Sold 1845; eventually reported lost off the Falkland Islands
Queen Victoria
IoM Steam Packet
1888
1915
Scrapped
Quetta
British-India SN Co
1881
1890
Wrecked
Ramsey Town
IoM Steam Packet
1904
1936
Scrapped
Remuera
New Zealand Shipping Co
1911
1940
Sunk by enemy action
Republic
Oceanic Steam Navigation d/b/a White Star Line
1903
1909
Sunk after collision with another ship
Rotorua
New Zealand Shipping Co
1910
1917
Sunk by enemy action
Rhone
Royal Mail SP Co
1865
1867
Wrecked
Royal Adelaide
City of Dublin SP
1838
1849
Sank
Rushen Castle
IoM Steam Packet
1898
1947
Scrapped
Samaria
Cunard
1920
1956
Scrapped
Saxonia
Cunard
1900
1925
Scrapped
Saxonia
Cunard
1954
1999
In 1962 renamed Carmania ; in 1973 sold & renamed Leonid Sobinov , scrapped 1999
St Helena
HM Government
1977
1990
Ex-Northland Prince . Lost RMS status in 1990 and renamed St Helena Island . Renamed Avalon in 1990 and Indooceanique in 1993. Scrapped in 1996.
St Helena
HM Government
1990
2018
Last ocean-crossing ship in regular mail-carrying service. Used as headquarters for the Extreme E racing series.
Scillonian
Isles of Scilly SC
1926
1955
Scrapped
Scillonian
Isles of Scilly SC
1955
1977
Sold and eventually sank after owner abandoned her in 2004
Scillonian III
Isles of Scilly SC
1977
Currently in active service. Officially designated Royal Mail Vessel but has the status of Royal Mail Ship. Currently the only ship still carrying mail for Royal Mail .
Scotia
Cunard
1861
1904
Wrecked
Scythia I
Cunard
1874
1899
Scrapped
Scythia II
Cunard
1921
1958
Scrapped
Segwun
Muskoka Lakes Navigation Co
1887
Built as SS Nipissing , then as Segwun 1925, out of service from 1958 to 1981; restored 1972–1981 and returned to service since 1981. The only remaining steam-powered Royal Mail Ship.
Servia
Cunard
1881
1901
Scrapped
Slavonia
British-India SN Co
1902
1909
Wrecked
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
1863
1875
Sold 1875
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
1876
1904
Scrapped
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
1910
1918
Sunk by enemy action
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
1920
1945
Scrapped 1948
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
1948
1978
Scrapped 1978
Snaefell
IoM Steam Packet
2006
2011
Built 1991, acquired 2006, sold 2011.
Southampton Castle
Union-Castle
1965
1978
Sold to Cost Armatori of Italy with Good Hope Castle and renamed Paola C ; scrapped in China 1984
Strathaird
Peninsular and Oriental
1931
1961
RMS status removed in 1954 and renamed SS Strathaird . Scrapped.
Strathnaver
Peninsular and Oriental
1931
1962
RMS status removed in 1954 and renamed SS Strathnaver . Scrapped.
Sylvania
Cunard
1957
2004
Sold 1968 & renamed Fairwind ; scrapped 2004
Tahiti
Union Steamship Co of NZ
1911
1930
Hull holed by broken propeller; sank
Tayleur
White Star (not OSNC)
1853
1853
Ran aground
The Ramsey
IoM Steam Packet
1895
1915
Sunk by enemy action
Titanic
White Star
1912
1912
Sunk after collision with iceberg
Transvaal Castle
Union-Castle
1961
2000
Sold 1966 to Safmarine and renamed "SA Vaal "; left Royal Mail service 1969; scrapped 2003
Trent
Royal Mail SP
1841
1865
Scrapped
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1846
1886
Sold 1866
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1886
1888
Sold 1888
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1891
1934
Sold 1934
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1936
1939
Sunk by enemy action
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1947
1974
Scrapped 1975
Tynwald
IoM Steam Packet
1986
1990
Sold and left Royal Mail service 1990; scrapped 2007[ 19]
Tyrconnel
IoM Steam Packet
1911
1932
Scrapped
Umbria
Cunard
1884
1910
Scrapped
Viceroy of India
Peninsular and Oriental
1927
1942
Sunk by enemy action
Victoria
IoM Steam Packet
1907
1957
Scrapped
Victoria
East African Railways & Harbours
1961
1977
Lost status when EAR&H was dissolved; still in service as "MV Victoria "
Victorian
Allan Line
1904
1929
World's first steam turbine ocean liner; scrapped 1929
Viking
IoM Steam Packet
1905
1954
Scrapped in 1954
Windsor Castle
Union-Castle
1922
1943
Sunk by enemy action
Windsor Castle
Union-Castle
1960
1998
Scrapped
See also
Notes
^ The first citation in The Times is from 18 August 1840.
^ a b c Royal Mails employees Courier newspaper page 20 August 2007
^ QM2 Archived 13 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "United Kingdom – Royal Mail" . Flags of The World . Retrieved 19 December 2017 .
^ Maxtone-Graham, John et al. (2004). Queen Mary 2, p. 184.
^ a b By Wireless from R.M.S. Empress of Australia . "Royal Gifts Gladden 172 On Lonely Atlantic Island" (Tristan da Cunya)," The New York Times . 24 March 1935; Robinson, Samuel. (1924).
^ Official report of Capt. S. Robinson, R.N.R.,: Commander of the Canadian Pacific S.S. "Empress of Australia", on the Japanese earthquake, the fire and subsequent relief operations.
^ The Admiralty took over the Packet Service from the General Post Office in 1823.
^ The first citation in The Times is from 18 August 1840.
^ Kennedy, John. (1903). The History of Steam Navigation, pp. 147–151.
^ a b "Empress of Asia Sunk Last 4 Feb.; Canadian Pacific Liner Hit by Five Bombs in Flight From Singapore MOST OF TROOPS ESCAPED 16,909-Ton Ship Abandoned After Four-Day Fires Had Ruined Her Interior," The New York Times. 20 May 1942.
^ 40-year-old Ship Makes Last Trip; Empress of Australia , Luxury Liner and Troop Carrier, on Way to Scrap Heap," The New York Times. 1 May 1952.
^ "British Announce Empress Ship Loss; Admiralty Fixes Death Toll at 45 Out of 643 Aboard Canadian Pacific Liner TORPEDOES FINISH JOB U-Boat Overtakes Burning Ship in Tow and Completes Task Started by Bomber Ship Attacked Three Times Women and Children Calm," The New York Times. 29 October 1940.
^ "Transport News and Notes; Empress of France Will Be Retired," New York Times 27 November 1960.
^ a b Kennedy, p. 150.
^ "Lady Eden to Launch Ship," New York Times 5 May 1956.
^ a b "Pacific Air Routes Replace Ship Line; Canadian Company Abandons Pre-War Service of Fleet, Maps Overseas Flights," The New York Times. 10 April 1949.
^ "Royal Mail employee's Courier newspaper". Royal Mail . August 2007.
^ "MV Antrim Princess (1967)" . tynebuiltships.co.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2017 .
References
External links