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Rosheim was first mentioned in a document in 778 as Rodasheim. In 1262 it received its town charter, combined with the right to build a town wall.
From the 14th to 17th centuries, Rosheim was an Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire, and founded the Décapole confederation with nine other Alsatian Imperial Cities in 1354, the goal was to maintain their rights. Like the other Decapolitan cities, it was awarded to France by the Peace of Westphalia and finally lost its independence under the Treaties of Nijmegen and was annexed by France.
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