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Rishonim

Rishonim (Hebrew: [ʁiʃoˈnim]; Hebrew: ראשונים, lit.'the first ones'; sing. ראשון, Rishon) were the leading rabbis and poskim who lived approximately during the 11th to 15th centuries, in the era before the writing of the Shulchan Aruch (שׁוּלחָן עָרוּך, "Set Table", a common printed code of Jewish law, 1563 CE) and following the Geonim (589–1038 CE). Rabbinic scholars subsequent to the Shulchan Aruch are generally known as acharonim ("the latter ones").

The distinction between the Rishonim and the Geonim is meaningful historically; in halakha (Jewish law) the distinction is less important. According to a widely held view in Orthodox Judaism, the Acharonim generally cannot dispute the rulings of rabbis of previous eras unless they find support from other rabbis in previous eras. On the other hand, this view is not formally a part of halakha itself, and according to some rabbis is a violation of the halakhic system.[1] In The Principles of Jewish Law, Orthodox rabbi Menachem Elon writes that:

[such a view] "inherently violates the precept of Hilkheta Ke-Vatra'ei, that is, the law is according to the later scholars. This rule dates from the Geonic period. It laid down that until the time of Rabbis Abbaye and Rava (4th century) the halakha was to be decided according to the views of the earlier scholars, but from that time onward, the halakhic opinions of post-talmudic scholars would prevail over the contrary opinions of a previous generation.[2]

AcharonimRishonimGeonimSavoraimAmoraimTannaimZugot

List of Rishonim

Abraham Ibn Ezra (center)
Isaac Alfasi
Maimonides' statue in Córdoba
Nachmanides
Rashi

11th Century

  • Menahem ben Helbo, 11th century French tosafist and exegete
  • Isaac ibn Ghiyyat (Me'ah She'arim), 11th century Spanish halakhist and commentator.
  • Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry, 11th century French Talmudist(?-1105)
  • Bahya ibn Paquda, (Hovot ha-Levavot), 11th century Spanish philosopher and moralist
  • Rabbenu Gershom, 11th century German Talmudist and legalist
  • Isaac Alfasi, (Hilkhot haRif), 11th century North African and Spanish Talmudist and Halakhist
  • Jonah ibn Janah, 11th century Hebrew grammarian
  • Rashi, (Solomon ben Yitzchak), 11th century French Talmudist, the primary commentator of Talmud
  • Tosafists, (Tosafot), 11th, 12th and 13th century Talmudic scholars in France and Germany
  • Simeon Kara, 11th century rabbi and Joseph's father

12th Century

13th Century

14th Century

15th Century

See also

References

  1. ^ See Kesef Mishna (Maamrim 2:2), Kovetz Igros Chazon Ish (2:26)
  2. ^ See Piskei Ha'Rosh, Bava Metzia 3:10, 4:21, Shabbat 23:1
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