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Plum Village Tradition

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The Plum Village Tradition is a school of Buddhism named after the Plum Village Monastery in France, the first monastic practice center founded by Thích Nhất Hạnh, Chân Không, and other members of the Order of Interbeing. It is an approach to Engaged Buddhism mainly from a Mahayana perspective, that draws elements from Thiền, Zen, and Pure Land traditions. Its governing body is the Plum Village Community of Engaged Buddhism.

It is characterized by being engaged Buddhism focused on improving lives and reducing suffering as well as being a form of applied Buddhism being practices that are not just a religion but are also a way of acting, working, and being. The tradition includes a focus on the application of mindfulness to everyday activities (sitting, walking, eating, speaking, listening, working, etc.). These practices are integrated with lifestyle guidelines called the "five mindfulness trainings", (a version of the Five Precepts), which bring an ethical and spiritual dimension to decision-making and are an integral part of community life.

History

Chân Không

The Plum Village tradition grew out of the teachings and community building of Thích Nhất Hạnh (born Nguyễn Xuân Bảo) and Chân Không (born Cao Ngoc Phuong), and other members of the Order of Interbeing. The tradition is rooted in traditional Vietnamese monasticism but was also influenced by the reform movements happening in Vietnam during the 20th century.[1]

During the Vietnam War Nhất Hạnh and Không developed and headed the School of Youth for Social Service (SYSS), a neutral corps of 10,000 Buddhist peace workers who went into rural areas to establish schools, build healthcare clinics, and help rebuild villages.[2][3][4] Members of the SYSS would later form the Order of Interbeing, named after the concept of interbeing and the Brahmavihara, to bring Buddhist principles into modern practice.[1][5] This version of the Brahmavihara is grounded in what Plum Village calls the Four Spirits including "the spirit of non-attachment from views, the spirit of direct experimentation on the nature of interdependent origination through meditation, the spirit of appropriateness, and the spirit of skillful means. All four are to be found in all Buddhist traditions".[6] Nhất Hạnh ordained six social workers into this new order, including Nhất Chi Mai, and provided them with fourteen precepts of Engaged Buddhism, now known as "mindfulness trainings".[1][5] The precepts represented an adaptation of the traditional bodhisattva vows.[1]

Nhất Hạnh traveled to the United States to teach and rally opposition to the war while Không managed the SYSS. Nhất Hạnh and Không then represented the Unified Buddhist Church (Église Bouddhique Unifiée) with Nhất Hạnh acting as the leader of the Vietnamese Buddhist Peace Delegation which became involved in the Paris Peace Accords.[7] Exiled from Vietnam for refusing to take a side in the war, Nhất Hạnh and Không worked to help boat people in the Gulf of Siam then established the Sweet Potatoes Meditation Centre at Fontvannes near Troyes.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

Outgrowing the Sweet Potatoes Meditation Centre, Nhất Hạnh, Chân Không, and other community members established Plum Village as a practice center in the Dordogne region of France and opened up the Order of Interbeing to the growing Vietnamese diaspora in France and Westerners.[1][14] The tradition is named after this monastery which was named for the one thousand plum trees of Agen (prune d’Agen) planted there.[15] The group formalized as a tradition while emphasizing the equality of laypeople and monastics and a nondenominational approach to Buddhism.[1]

Analysis

Thich Nhat Hanh

The tradition includes an emphasis on adaptation, typical of Buddhism, as it is said that the Buddha taught 84,000 versions of the Dharma, each one adapted to the needs of a different audience.[16][17] The traditional includes a "post-merit model" approach for sustaining the organization that focuses on monastics working without financial gain, in an effort to improve the world, thus not relying solely on dana from lay people.[1]

Scholar and member of the Order of Interbeing Adrienne Minh-Châu Lê notes it is an oversimplification to paint Thích Nhất Hạnh and the tradition as just about breathing, smiling, and living in the present moment. Scholars notes the tradition is a product of Vietnamese Buddhism and a response to experiences of war, colonialism, and violence.[18][19][20] Lê also notes that "Engaged Buddhism" in English is a translation of a concept that already existing in 20th century Vietnamese Buddhism and reforms in Asian Buddhism such as those introduced by Taixu.[19] Scholars also note that view of collective karma written about by Nhất Hạnh contrasts with more individualistic western framings of Buddhism.[21]

Core tenets

Plum Village Dharma Seals

Plum Village Monastics

The four dharma seals of Plum Village were proposed by Thich Nhất Hanh to determine whether a teaching is in line with that of the Plum Village tradition.

"I have arrived, I am at home"

"Go as a river"

"The times* and the truths** inter-are".

"Ripening, moment-by-moment"

Noting *the three times are the past, present and future **the truths are the four Noble truths and also conventional and ultimate truth[22]

The statement "I am at home" involves finding happiness in the present moment and that mindful breathing, walking, eating, and working are practices that help us arrive fully in each moment, no matter the situation. Even in times of suffering, staying "at home" with that suffering can bring freedom. To "go as a river" emphasizes living harmoniously within the sangha. This requires learning to function as a part of the "sangha body," both nourishing and being nourished by it. The Buddha devoted his life to building the sangha because it is through the collective strength of the sangha that their teachings can endure and thrive into the future. When challenges arise, we stay with our sangha, embrace the difficulty, and work together to transform it, continuing to flow as one unified river.[23]

40 Tenets of Plum Village

The 40 Tenets of Plum Village are an attempt by Nhất Hạnh to summarize the teachings that are maintained, taught, and transmitted in the Plum Village Tradition.[24] In this tradition, Nirvāṇa is viewed not as a phenomenon but as the true nature of all phenomena. It is the absence of ignorance and afflictions, yet not the absence of existence, aggregates.[24] Practices for attaining this liberation include mindfulness, concentration, and insight, which work together to recognize suffering, prevent wrong actions, and transform negative seeds. With the Four Domains of Mindfulness one can transform habit energies such as stored consciousness and fully realize the Seven Factors of Enlightenment and the Noble Eightfold Path.[24] These practices are grounded in the core teachings of impermanence, non-self, and Nirvāṇa, which are the Three Dharma Seals.[24]

The Buddha, as taught in this tradition, is not a single, fixed being but exists in multiple forms and dimensions, including in the sangha, as is the interconnectedness of all things.[24] Each person has the potential to become a Buddha, and the path to awakening involves recognizing the impermanent, interconnected nature of all phenomena, including the self.[24] Rebirth is understood not as the continuation of a permanent self but is understood within impermanence, no-self and interbeing and the Four Noble Truths are viewed as both conditioned and unconditioned.[24]

Within this view, the consequences of our actions (karma) are not limited to a single individual or aspect of existence.[24] It encompasses the interconnectedness of body, mind, and the environment, as well as the collective impact of our actions on the community and the larger world.[24] Each Arhat is also a Bodhisattva and any real Bodhisattva is an Arahat.[24]

Ethics

Ethics within the Plum Village tradition are based on active engagement with the world to reduce suffering. The tradition states that wrong-view (the inability to see impermanence, non-self, and interbeing) is the root cause of ill-being.[25] With right mindfulness, one can achieve right concentration and right view leading to right thinking rooted in compassion, interbeing, and understanding. Karma, being all actions, includes thinking, speaking, and bodily actions.[26][27] Ethical choices should be made on the criteria of beneficial vs. un-beneficial, happiness vs. suffering, and delusion vs. awakening.[28] Rooted in interbeing, and seeing others as also us, violence against others or the environment becomes impossible.[29] Views are not rigid and should be practiced with non-attachment, for example, the five mindfulness trainings may not be understandable to people in the future or appropriate to the situation of the world and may need to be revised.[29] Additionally, behavior is not viewed as good or evil but as skillful or unskillful.[30]

Ethics are related to the core teaching of mindfulness, which is deeply intertwined with the concept of Buddha-nature.[31] Nhat Hanh emphasized that mindfulness practice is essential for transforming unwholesome seeds and nurturing wholesome ones, thereby overcoming obstacles to enlightenment.[31] This transformation is possible because the seed of awakening, or Buddha-nature, is inherently present in all sentient beings.[31] This aligns with the tradition's view on consciousness, including stored consciousness and mind consciousness, and using mindfulness and right action to improve them, their habit energies, and their seeds.[32] Teachings are also rooted in interbeing as the tradition states “Whether from our family or friends, from our society or education, all seeds are, by nature, both individual and collective".[33] Plum Village also acknowledges the individual consciousness is affected by the collective consciousness causing people to absorb and reflect the world around them.[30]

The tradition has made efforts to express teachings in a way that meets the needs of various cultures and addresses contemporary issues that cause harm. The tradition, in line with many modern and historic traditions, formally accepts LGBT individuals starting an initiative called "The Rainbow Family".[34][35][36][37] The tradition is working to reduce gender disparities, address climate change, and other forms of engaged Buddhism in an effort to reduce suffering and support collective awakening.[1][38][39][40] While vegetarianism isn't mandated, Plum Village practice centers and retreats have always been vegetarian, in line with Mahāyāna teachings and environmental consciousness, and are now vegan.[41][42] Monastics make decisions based on deep listening and nonattachment of view.[1][43]

Other Tenets

Ancestry

The tradition recognizes three forms of ancestry, including blood ancestry, land ancestry, and spiritual ancestry, that root people and recognize their commonality.[44] Blood ancestry results from conditions arising at birth, grounding us in a lineage. As such, when you meet someone, you are also meeting their entire lineage.[44] This recognizes that it is painful to believe one is born alone, and instead one must understand that we are a continuation and not separate from others or our ancestors in all their forms.[44]

The tradition acknowledges that not all people had supportive childhoods.[44] As such, one should strive to transmit something beautiful when we become ancestors and work to heal ourselves and, in doing so, heal the ancestors within us.[44] The tradition also recognizes that not all people know their blood ancestors. One is also rooted in spiritual ancestors—those who have taught us how to love and understand—and land ancestors, who guide us to live humbly and in harmony with nature.[44]

Key Concepts

Interbeing

Main article: Interbeing

Interbeing is based on Mahayana teaching and is an understanding that there is a deep interconnection between all people, all species, and all things based on non-duality, emptiness, and dependent co-arising (all phenomena arise in dependence upon other phenomena).[45] As such, there is no independent separate self.[46][47] As such, everything is empty of self-being and everything is full of everything.[48] In short, everything depends for its existence on everything else.[48] The concept of interbeing highlights how all psychological and physical phenomena are intertwined, interconnected, interdependent, and mutually influenced in reality and the world. This relationship is vividly illustrated in the Avatamsaka Sutra, which teaches that "everything contains everything else" and "everything penetrates everything else."[49]

For example, a flower is composed entirely of elements that are not flowers, like chlorophyll, sunlight, and water. If all these non-flower elements were removed, there would be no flower left. A flower cannot exist independently but it can only exist in relationship with everything else.[50][51]

In this view a person is composed of many elements beyond just themselves, such as their parents, ancestors from humans, plants, and animals, as well as water, sunlight, food, education, and life experiences.[52] A person's body is constantly changing, and thoughts and emotions are always shifting.[52] It is only the belief in a separate self that confines us, falsely separating the "I" vs others.[52] As such, if one can see the nature of interbeing between oneself and others, one can see that others' suffering is one's own suffering, and others' happiness is one's own happiness.[51]

Plum Village does not try to prove the truth of interbeing, but instead emphasizes the importance of recognizing its truth through meditation (generating mindfulness, insight, and concentration).[48][53] Understanding interbeing is essential for overcoming suffering and reaching enlightenment, which is the ultimate goal in Buddhism.[48] This insight into interbeing helps in particular by revealing that nothing is ever truly created or destroyed, which removes the fear of death or loss.[48]

Interbeing is also a rejection of division, discrimination, alienation, and individualism.[54][55] It has been an influence on many environmentalists.[56][57]

Mindfulness

Main article: Mindfulness

Rooted in Buddhist psychology, Plum Village states mindfulness is an energy and awareness one can create by bringing attention back to the body and connecting with the present moment, both inside and around each person and looking deeply into the nature of things.[49][58] It involves being aware of our breath and returning to the body, allowing ourselves to be fully present for ourselves and whatever activity we are engaged in.[58] Through mindfulness people may generate collective energy that can help bring healing and transformation to each person and the world.[58]

The tradition teaches mindfulness within the framework of ethics.[59] Along with mindfulness comes mindful consumption, relationships, and livelihood. Mindfulness cannot be separated from how we speak, act, work, and interact with the world.[59] Per the tradition, mindfulness is not a tool for achieving something else—whether it’s healing, relaxation, success, wealth, or victory.[59] True mindfulness is a path and an ethical way of living.[59] Every step along this path brings happiness, freedom, and well-being to ourselves and others.[59] Happiness and well-being are not individual matters as we "inter-are with all people and all species".[59][49] This understanding is applied to key teachings across a range of life from business to education.[59]

While mindfulness has become a billion-dollar industry, Plum Village cautions against "McMindfulness" and using mindfulness as a tool (including to be effective at our jobs or for some superficial relief) making a differentiation between right mindfulness and wrong mindfulness.[60][61] Plum Village emphasizes that right mindfulness does not pursue ego, status, and pride but is linked to the eight-fold path, awareness, love, community, and addressing suffering.[61] Though Plum Village also teaches that mindfulness and meditation are open and helpful to people of all faiths.[49]

Plum Village's teachings on mindfulness are related to Nhat Hanh's experiences in war-torn Vietnam with Nhat Hanh stating "Buddhism has to do with your daily life, with your suffering and with the suffering of the people around you. You must learn how to help a wounded child while still practicing mindful breathing. You should not allow yourself to get lost in action. Action should be meditation at the same time."[62]

Nhat Hanh stated “Our most important task is to develop correct insight. If we see deeply into the nature of interbeing, that all things ‘inter-are,’ we will stop blaming, arguing, and killing, and we will become friends with everyone. To practice nonviolence, we must first of all learn ways to deal peacefully with ourselves.” As such people are not just “making peace” but “being peace”[63]

Nhat Hanh is credited with popularizing the term and the practice of mindfulness, particularly in the Western world, with the term rarely being used in English before his work.[64][65][66][67][68] Plum Village's mindfulness teachings influenced mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction.[67][69][70]

Engaged Buddhism

Main article: Engaged Buddhism

Engaged Buddhism is a movement to apply Buddhist ethics including the bodhisattva path, giving (dana) and loving-kindness (metta or maitri), and Noble Eightfold Path to the world.[63] Thich Nhat Hanh coined the term "engaged Buddhism" in his 1967 book Vietnam: Lotus in a Sea of Fire.[71] Nhat Hanh did not feel it was a new concept but was rooted in early Buddhist doctrine.[72]

Plum Village's teachings on engaged Buddhism are related to Nhat Hanh's experiences in war-torn Vietnam[62] with Nhat Hanh stating:

"Engaged Buddhism is just Buddhism. When bombs begin to fall on people, you cannot stay in the meditation hall all the time. Meditation is about the awareness of what is going on - not only in your body and in your feelings, but all around you,"[72][73]

and

"When I was a novice in Vietnam, we young monks witnessed the suffering caused by the war and were very eager to practice Buddhism in such a way that we could bring it into society. That was not easy because the tradition did not directly offer Engaged Buddhism, so we had to do it by ourselves. That was the birth of Engaged Buddhism."[72][73]

Engaged Buddhism was articulated, promoted, and discussed from the teachings of Nhất Hạnh.[74][75][76]Engaged Buddhism has since become a core part of the Plum Village Tradition, and the term has spread and influenced traditions across the world.[77][78][63]

Five Mindfulness Trainings

The Five Mindfulness Trainings are Nhat Hanh's formulation of the traditional Buddhist Five Precepts, ethical guidelines developed during the time of the Buddha to be the foundation of practice for both the entire lay Buddhist community and the secular world, grounded in the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.[79]

The mindfulness trainings address:

  1. Reverence for Life: Awareness for cultivating the insight of interbeing and compassion, protecting lives of people, animals, plants, and minerals and seeing the harm from anger, fear, greed, and intolerance.[80]
  2. True Happiness: Awareness for seeing that the happiness and suffering of others are not separate from one's own happiness and suffering, true happiness is not possible without understanding and compassion, and that wealth, fame, power and sensual pleasures can bring suffering.[80]
  3. True Love: Awareness that sexual desire is not love, and that sexual activity motivated by craving always harms oneself as well as others. Also includes a focus on awareness to support non-discrimination against LGBT people.[80]
  4. Loving Speech and Listening: Awareness for cultivating loving speech and compassionate listening.[80][81]
  5. Nourishment and Healing: Awareness for cultivating good mental and physical health and consuming in a way that preserves peace, joy, and well-being.[80][82]

In some other traditions these precepts are expressed as undertakings to refrain from harm - not to kill, not to steal, not to lie, not to manifest inappropriate sexual behavior, and not to consume intoxicants.[83] Nhat Hanh's effort was to express these precepts with an emphasis on the cultivation of virtues on the one hand and as a practice of mindfulness on the other.[84][68] Each 'Mindfulness Training' has the form: 'Aware of the suffering caused by ----, I am committed to cultivating ----'. Each training is thus an undertaking by the practitioner both to cultivate non-harming, generosity, responsible sexual behavior, loving speech, and mindful consumption and to be mindful of the suffering caused to self and others when these virtues are absent.[85]

Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings

The fourteen mindfulness trainings apply to members of the Order of Interbeing and including openness, non-attachment to views, freedom of thought, awareness of suffering, compassionate healthy living, taking care of anger, dwelling happily in the present moment, true community and communication, thoughtful and loving speech, protecting and nourishing the sangha, right livelihood, reverence for life, generosity, and true love.[86]

Mindfulness practices

The sangha is built around a common set of practices to be performed with mindfulness applied to sensory experiences (like listening to the sound of a bell) or activities, such as walking or eating in community. There are also formal ceremonial practices normally performed by the monastics (prostrations, recitations, chanting). Community practices are aimed at facilitating the release from suffering, increasing joy, and experiencing fully the present moment.

The mindfulness practices of the Plum Village Tradition including daily practices include:

Daily practices

  • Breathing: focusing the attention on the breathing sensory experience.
  • Waking up: a daily vow to live fully the awake cycle of consciousness after exiting the sleep cycle.
  • Sitting meditation: suspension of bodily movements to focus on the inner cognitive processes through metacognition, and eventually transcend that.
  • Walking meditation: focus on the experience of the body movements when walking. Steps and breathing can be synchronized, or a simple mantra recited.
  • Bell of mindfulness: stopping to focus on the breathing sensory experience upon hearing a sound, normally of a bell.

Physical practices

  • Resting: recognizing the natural needs of the body and take the necessary steps to attain rest.
  • Mindful Movement: ten body movements practised with conscious breathing to unite mind and body. Based on yoga and tai chi movement.[87]
  • Deep relaxation: a practice of lying down and totally letting go, using the breath as an anchor.

Relationship and community practices

  • Sangha body: learning to recognize what each individual needs to feel part of a community.
  • Sangha building: awareness of organic growth processes of communities.
  • Dharma sharing: express experiences as they were felt and cognized.
  • Service meditation: volunteering to menial maintenance tasks.
  • The Kitchen: food preparation as a meditative practice.
  • Eating together: focusing on the several aspects of consuming food (provenance, ethics, purpose, etc.) together with other people.
  • Tea meditation: being aware of all aspects of socializing (inner and interpersonal) while drinking tea.
  • Noble Silence: suspend or reduce verbal communication to focus on inner processes.
  • Beginning anew: reconciliation process after a conflict.

Texts and Dharma Transmission

Core texts that influenced the tradition include The Anapanasati Sutra (Discourse on the Full Awareness of Breathing) and The Satipatthana Sutra (Discourse on the Four Establishments of Mindfulness).[88] The tradition has produced texts including the books written by Thích Nhất Hạnh and Chân Không, through the practice of providing dharma talks and dharma education.[88][89] The tradition practices Dharma transmission through a dharma lamp transmission.[90]

Thích Nhất Hạnh completed a new English translation of the Heart Sutra in addition to more than one hundred books on mindfulness, meditation, interbeing, the life of the Buddha, ethics, Buddhist psychology, interreligious discourse, and Buddhist philosophy from the Plum Village tradition perspective.[91][92] Notable books on include work on mindfulness including The Miracle of Mindfulness, and Peace in Every Step, a biography of the Buddha Drawn directly from Pali, Sanskrit, and Chinese sources known as Old Path White Clouds, introductions to Buddhism such as The Heart of the Buddha's Teachings and Awakening of the Heart, work on ecology notably Zen and the Art of Saving the Planet, interfaith dialogue notably Living Buddha Living Christ, poetry notably Call Me by My True Names, and books on ethics or practical life matters including How to Love, and No Mud No Lotus.

Nhất Hạnh sold more than five million books in English, French, and Vietnamese, with translations into 30 other languages.[93] The Miracle of Mindfulness was originally titled The Miracle of Being Awake. In 1975, 'mindfulness' was barely recognized in English until Nhất Hạnh's work popularized the concept.[64][94][95][96]

Online Presence

Plum Village maintains a significant online presence to spread information on the sangha and offers the possibility of participating in specific activities through an online lay sangha, online retreats, video teachings, social media presence, The Way Out is In podcast, publishing arm via ParallaxPress, a newsletter, an app called Plum Village offering meditations, dharma talks, and online mindfulness exercises.[17] The significant communications apparatus has been noted for solidifying its place in France and its influence worldwide.[17]

Plum Village Locations

Background

Early in his time in France, Thích Nhất Hạnh established a center in Troyes to support refugees and boat people.[17] However, the centre soon became overwhelmed by the growing number of people it served, prompting him to seek a larger location for the community. In 1982, amidst rural depopulation, the community acquired old farm buildings in France's Dordogne and Lot-et-Garonne regions. Initially spanning 29 hectares, Plum Village has since expanded to over 80 hectares across three main hamlets: the Lower Hamlet in Loubès-Bernac (Lot-et-Garonne), the Upper Hamlet in Thénac (Dordogne), and the New Hamlet in Dieulivol (Gironde).[17] Community members and nearby municipalities provided support for the development providing material support in an effort to support refugees however many neighborhoods were still concerned about the monastery's presence .[17] Plum Village made efforts to integrate into French society through open houses, cooking for and dining with neighbors, providing French classes, complying with building codes, marking western holidays like Christmas, and working to support the local economies of nearby towns and villages leading to large-scale local acceptance of the monastery.[17]

Membership

The Plum Village tradition includes more than 500 monastics across 9 monasteries and more than 1,000 lay sangha communities worldwide.[97] An important component of this tradition is the Order of Interbeing, which is a social network of monastics and lay people who have undertaken the Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings.[98] There is also a community inspired by this tradition, aimed at young people between the ages of 18 and 35, called Wake Up.[99] Other initiatives include Wake Up Schools[100] and the Earth Holder Sangha.[101]

Monasteries

As of November 2018, there are 11 monasteries and practice centers in the Plum Village Tradition. The tradition also operates three small farms.[102]

New Hamlet - Plum Village France

Europe

  • Plum Village Monastery (Le Village des Pruniers), France
  • Healing Spring Monastery (Monastère de la Source Guérissante), France
  • Maison de L'Inspir, France
  • European Institute of Applied Buddhism, Germany

Asia

Oceania

  • Mountain Spring Monastery, near Sydney, Australia
  • Stream Entering Meditation Center, near Melbourne, Australia

United States

See also

References

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