This article is about the museum in Paris, France. For the museum in Avignon, France, see Petit Palais, Avignon. For the former commune in Gironde, France that was merged with the commune of Cornemps, see Petit-Palais-et-Cornemps.
Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (Musée des beaux-arts de la ville de Paris). The Petit Palais is located across from the Grand Palais on the former Avenue Nicolas II, today Avenue Winston-Churchill.[2][3] The other façades of the building face the Seine and Avenue des Champs-Élysées.[3]
The Petit Palais is one of fourteen museums of the City of Paris that have been incorporated since 1 January 2013 in the public corporation Paris Musées. It has been listed since 1975 as a monument historique by the Ministry of Culture.[4]
History
Design competition
In 1894 a competition was held for the 1900 Exhibition area.[5] The Palais de l'Industrie from the 1855 World's Fair was considered unfitting and was to be replaced by something new for the 1900 Exhibition.[6] Architects had the option to do what they pleased (alter, destroy, or keep) with the Palais de l'Industrie. In the end, Charles Girault won the competition and built the Petit Palais as one of the buildings that replaced the Palais de l'Industrie.[5][6]
The construction of the Petit Palais began on 10 October 1897 and was completed in April 1900. The total cost of the Petit Palais at the time of the construction was 400,000 pounds.[5] In 1902, the Petit Palais officially became the Palais des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris.[7]
Inspiration
The Petit Palais in 1900The Petit Palais in 2015Petit Palais façade in 2018
Girault largely draws on the late 17th and early 18th century French style for the Petit Palais.[5] Additionally his work, such as the domed central porch and the triple arcade, has many references to the stables at Chantilly, Oise.[5]
Plan of the building
The Petit Palais next to the Grand Palais. View from the Eiffel Tower.
Girault's plan for the Petit Palais had minimal alterations from the design to the execution.[2] The plan was original and fit perfectly in its given location.[5] The Petit Palais is a trapezoid shape with its larger side as the main façade facing the Grand Palais.[2] The building's shape makes a semi-circular courtyard at the center.[2]
The Petit Palais was built to be a lasting building that would become a permanent fine arts museum after the exhibition.[8] The materials of the building—stone, steel and concrete as well as the decoration were to demonstrate that the Petit Palais was built to be enduring.[8]
Exterior
Main façade
Entrance
The main façade of the building faces the Grand Palais.[2] The focal point of the façade is the central entrance: "a central archway set in an archivolt topped by a dome and reached by a broad set of steps".[5] Two wings flank the main entrance. These wings, continuing to the end (corner) pavilions, are embellished with free-standing columns that frame the tall windows.[5]
Pavilions
The exterior of the pavilions are embellished with arched windows from the side around to the rear façades. These grand windows provide side lighting for the outer three galleries of the interior museum.[5]
Decoration
The exterior of the Petit Palais was embellished with many contemporary sculptures.[5] Several famous sculptors at the time, such as Convers, Desvergens, Fagel, Ferrary, Hugues, Injalbert and Peynot, worked on the exterior decoration of the building.[5]
Interior
Courtyard
View of the garden
The trapezoidal shape of the Petit Palace forms an open area at the centre of the building.[2] This enclosed area creates a semicircular, peristyled courtyard.[2][5] The architecture of the courtyard incorporated many different architectural elements.[3] The elegant courtyard is considered Beaux Arts style because of the "symmetrical composition" and "rich decoration in high relief".[3][5] Coupled columns made of pink Vosges granite and gilt-bronze encircle the courtyard and bordering covered gallery.[2][5] Although the courtyard is in the central part of the Petit Palais, one of the main structures of the Exhibition, its purpose was to provide visitors with a relaxing space apart from the busy Exposition.[3]
Museum
Petit Palais interior
The museum is split into two levels with two series of rooms running parallel and juxtaposed.[2][8] The interior of the Petit Palais was designed to create exhibition spaces "suited to every aspect of a collection: the outer galleries for objects, the inner, skylit ones for paintings, the lower galleries for reserves and the entrance rotunda and main gallery for sculptures".[5] The entrance rotunda and main gallery was especially grand. The floors were tiled with mosaics, the walls were lined with marble, whereas the dome and vaults were filled with allegorical paintings.[5]
Exhibits
The exhibits housed in the Petit Palais during the Exhibition displayed the History of Art from the beginning until the present era.[2] The History of French Art from 1800–1900 showed the stages of growth.[3][8] The inner gallery of Petit Palais exhibited "priceless treasures in ivory, tapestry, metal work, jewelry, and porcelain gathered from the most important collections of France".[3] The outer gallery was a collection of royal French furniture.[3]
As a whole the architecture of the 1900 Exhibition was not well received[6] however, reactions to the Petit Palais were generally positive.[3] Some people even claimed that the Petit Palais had the "power to educate the mind while it pleases the senses".[10]King Leopold II of Belgium was very impressed with Girault's execution of the Petit Palais. This admiration started a "fruitful collaboration between monarch and architect".[5] Girault was commissioned to build several structures including: "the Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, extensions at the Royal Castle of Laeken, and a seafront colonnade at Ostend".[5] The Petit Palais has served as a model for other public buildings, notably for the Royal Museum for Central Africa located in Tervuren, Belgium;[5] and the Museo de Bellas Artes (National Museum of Fine Arts) in Santiago, Chile.
^ abcdefghijkAnderson, A (1900). "The Paris Exhibition Buildings". Architectural Review. 7: 28–37.
^ abcdefghijIwarere, Sesan (2005). Gournay, Isabelle; McEvoy, Jean (eds.). "Paris 1900: Petit Palais". World's Fairs: Social and Architectural History. Maryland: University of Maryland Libraries.
^Base Mérimée: PA00088878, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) Petit Palais, actuellement musée des Beaux-Arts de la Ville de Paris
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstWorsdale, Derrick (1978). "The Petit Palais des Champs-Elysees; Architecture and Decoration". Apollo. 106: 207–11.
^ abcde"Capital Chic: Apollo talks to Christophe Leribault, director of the Petit Palais, on the eve of the opening of 'Paris 1900'". Apollo. 179: 25–26. 2014.
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