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Nikki Giovanni

Nikki Giovanni
Giovanni c. 1980
Giovanni c. 1980
BornYolande Cornelia Giovanni Jr.
(1943-06-07)June 7, 1943
Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
DiedDecember 9, 2024(2024-12-09) (aged 81)
Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.
Occupation
  • Writer
  • poet
  • activist
  • educator
EducationFisk University (BA)
University of Pennsylvania
Columbia University
Period1968–2022
PartnerVirginia C. Fowler
Children1
Website
nikki-giovanni.com

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr.[1][2] (June 7, 1943 – December 9, 2024) was an American poet, writer, commentator, activist and educator. One of the world's best-known African-American poets,[2] her work includes poetry anthologies, poetry recordings, and nonfiction essays, and covers topics ranging from race and social issues to children's literature. She won numerous awards, including the Langston Hughes Medal and the NAACP Image Award. She was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for her poetry album, The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection. Additionally, she was named as one of Oprah Winfrey's 25 "Living Legends".[2] Giovanni was a member of The Wintergreen Women Writers Collective.[3]

Giovanni gained initial fame in the late 1960s as one of the foremost authors of the Black Arts Movement. Influenced by the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement of the period, her early work provides a strong, militant African-American perspective, leading one writer to dub her the "Poet of the Black Revolution".[2] During the 1970s, she began writing children's literature, and co-founded a publishing company, NikTom Ltd, to provide an outlet for other African-American women writers. Over subsequent decades, her works discussed social issues, human relationships, and hip hop. Poems such as "Knoxville, Tennessee" and "Nikki-Rosa" have been frequently re-published in anthologies and other collections.[4][5]

Giovanni received numerous awards and holds 27 honorary degrees from various colleges and universities. She was also given the key to more than two dozen cities. Giovanni was honored with the NAACP Image Award seven times. One of her unique honors was having a South America bat species, Micronycteris giovanniae, named after her in 2007.[6]

Giovanni was proud of her Appalachian roots and worked to change the way the world views Appalachians and Affrilachians.[7]

Giovanni taught at Queens College, Rutgers, and Ohio State, and was a University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech until she retired on September 1, 2022. After the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007, she delivered a well-received chant-poem at a memorial for the shooting victims.[1][8]

Life and work

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni Jr. was born in Knoxville, Tennessee,[8] to Yolande Cornelia Sr. and Jones "Gus" Giovanni. Soon after her birth, the family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where her parents worked at Glenview School. In 1948, the family moved to Wyoming, Ohio, and sometime in those first three years, Giovanni's sister, Gary, began calling her "Nikki". In 1958, Giovanni returned to Knoxville to live with her grandparents and attend Austin High School.[4] In 1960, she began her studies at her grandfather's alma mater, Fisk University in Nashville, as an "early entrant", which meant that she could enroll in college without having finished high school first.[9]

She immediately clashed with the then-Dean of Women and was expelled after neglecting to obtain the required permission from the Dean to leave campus and travel home for Thanksgiving break. Giovanni moved back to Knoxville, where she worked at a Walgreens drug store and helped care for her nephew, Christopher. In 1964, Giovanni spoke with the new Dean of Women at Fisk University, Blanche McConnell Cowan, who urged her to return to Fisk that fall. While at Fisk, Giovanni edited a student literary journal (titled Élan), reinstated the campus chapter of SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee), and published an essay in Negro Digest on gender questions in the Movement.[10] In 1967, she graduated with honors with a B.A. degree in history.

Soon after graduation, she suffered the loss of her grandmother, Louvenia Watson, and turned to writing poems to cope with the death. These poems would later be included in her collection Black Feeling, Black Talk. In 1968, Giovanni attended a semester at University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work toward an MSW and then moved to New York City. She briefly attended Columbia University School of the Arts toward an MFA in poetry and privately published Black Feeling, Black Talk.[11] In 1969, Giovanni began teaching at Livingston College of Rutgers University. She was an active member of the Black Arts Movement beginning in the late 1960s. In 1969, she gave birth to Thomas Watson Giovanni, her only child.[10] As she told Ebony magazine: "I had a baby at 25 because I wanted to have a baby and I could afford to have a baby. I didn't want to get married, and I could afford not to get married."[12][13]

After the birth of her son, Giovanni was accused of setting a bad example because there were not many unmarried mothers at that time. Giovanni noted that the birth of her son helped her to realize that children have different interests and require different content than adults. This realization led her to write six children's books.[14]

In 1970, Giovanni founded the publishing company NikTom,[15] publishing her own work as well as supporting the work of other Black women writers, among them Gwendolyn Brooks, Mari Evans, Carolyn Rodgers, and Margaret Walker.[16][17] From 1970, she began making regular appearances on the television program Soul!, an entertainment/variety/talk show that promoted black art and culture and allowed political expression. Soul! hosted important guests such as Muhammad Ali, James Baldwin, Jesse Jackson, Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, Gladys Knight, Miriam Makeba, and Stevie Wonder. (In addition to being a "regular" on the show, Giovanni for several years helped design and produce episodes.) Giovanni's conversation with James Baldwin on Soul!, filmed in London and broadcast in 1971 as a two-part special,[18][19] is considered a defining moment in her career,[20][21] and subsequently became a book.[22] She appeared on other television programs, including The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson in 1972,[23] accruing such popularity that for her 30th birthday celebration at the Lincoln Center, she was able to fill a 3,000-seat hall.[13] Between 1973 and 1987, she published multiple poetry anthologies, children's books, and released spoken-word albums.[10]

In 1987, Giovanni was recruited by her partner and eventual wife Virginia Fowler to teach creative writing and literature at Virginia Tech.[24] There, Giovanni later became a University Distinguished Professor, before retiring in 2022.[25][26] She received the NAACP Image Award seven times, received 20 honorary doctorates and various other awards, including the Rosa Parks and the Langston Hughes Award for Distinguished Contributions to Arts and Letters.[8] She also held the key to several different cities, including Dallas, Miami, New York City, and Los Angeles.[27] She was a member of the Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star, she received the Life Membership and Scroll from the National Council of Negro Women, and was an Honorary Member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.

Giovanni speaking at Emory University in 2008

Giovanni was diagnosed with lung cancer in the early 1990s and underwent numerous surgeries. Her book Blues: For All the Changes: New Poems, published in 1999, contains poems about nature and her battle with cancer. In 2002, Giovanni spoke in front of NASA about the need for African Americans to pursue space travel, and later published Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea: Poems and Not Quite Poems, which dealt with similar themes.[11]

She was also honored for her life and career by the HistoryMakers, along with being the first person to receive the Rosa L. Parks Women of Courage Award. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Honor from Dillard University in 2010.[10] In 2015, Giovanni was named one of the Library of Virginia's "Virginia Women in History" for her contributions to poetry, education, and society.[28]

In 2020, Giovanni gave an extended interview to Bryan Knight's Tell A Friend Podcast where she gave an assessment of her life and legacy.[29]

Giovanni released a new album, The Gospel According to Nikki Giovanni, on February 8, 2022.[30]

She is the subject of the documentary film Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project, directed by Joe Brewster and Michèle Stephenson, which premiered at and won the Grand Jury Prize for Documentary at the 2023 Sundance Film Festival.[31] [32] The documentary features Giovanni's son and granddaughter, as well as Giovanni's spouse Virginia Fowler, a fellow academic and author.[33][34]

Virginia Tech shooting

Seung-Hui Cho, a mass murderer who killed 32 people in the Virginia Tech shooting on April 16, 2007, was a student in one of Giovanni's poetry classes. Describing him as "mean" and "menacing", she approached the department chair to have Cho taken out of her class, and said she was willing to resign rather than continue teaching him. Cho was removed from her class in 2005.[35] After the massacre, Giovanni stated that, upon hearing of the shooting, she immediately suspected that Cho might be the shooter.[35]

Giovanni was asked by Virginia Tech president Charles Steger to give a convocation speech at the April 17 memorial service for the shooting victims (she was asked by Steger at 5:00 pm on the day of the shootings, giving her less than 24 hours to prepare the speech). She expressed that she usually feels very comfortable delivering speeches, but worried that her emotion would get the best of her.[36] On April 17, 2007, at the Virginia Tech Convocation commemorating the April 16 massacre,[36] Giovanni closed the ceremony with a chant poem, intoning:

We know we did nothing to deserve it. But neither does a child in Africa dying of AIDS. Neither do the invisible children walking the night awake to avoid being captured by a rogue army. Neither does the baby elephant watching his community being devastated for ivory. Neither does the Mexican child looking for fresh water....We are Virginia Tech.... We will prevail.[37][38][39]

Her speech also sought to express the idea that really terrible things happen to good people: "I would call it, in terms of writing, in terms of poetry, it's a laundry list. Because all you're doing is: This is who we are, and this is what we think, and this is what we feel, and this is why – you know?... I just wanted to admit, you know, that we didn't deserve this, and nobody does. And so I wanted to link our tragedy, in every sense, you know – we're no different from anything else that has hurt...."[36]

She thought that ending with a thrice-repeated "We will prevail" would be anticlimactic, and she wanted to connect back with the beginning, for balance. So, shortly before going onstage, she added a closing: "We are Virginia Tech."[36] Her performance received an over 90-second standing ovation from the over-capacity audience in Cassell Coliseum, including then-President George W. Bush.[40][1]

Later life and death

Giovanni announced her retirement from Virginia Tech in September 2022, having taught there for 35 years.[41] She was conferred the title of University Distinguished Professor Emerita by the university in December 2022.[42]

On December 9, 2024, Giovanni died of complications from lung cancer in a hospital in Blacksburg, Virginia. She was 81.[12][43] She had been working on a memoir titled A Street Called Mulvaney, and her final poetry collection, The Last Book, was set for publication in 2025.[20][44]

Writing

Giovanni in 1997

The Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movements inspired her early poetry, which was collected in Black Feeling, Black Talk (1968), which sold more than 10,000 copies in its first year;[45] in Black Judgement (1968), selling 6,000 copies in three months; and in Re: Creation (1970). All three of these early works aided in establishing Giovanni as a new voice for African Americans.(30) In "After Mecca": Women Poets and the Black Arts Movement, Cheryl Clarke cites Giovanni as a woman poet who became a significant part of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movement.[46] Giovanni was commonly praised as one of the best African-American poets emerging from the 1960s Black Power and Black Arts Movements.[47] Her early poems that were collected in the late 1960s and early 1970s are seen as radical as and more militant than her later work. Her poetry is described as being "politically, spiritually, and socially aware".[47] Evie Shockley describes Giovanni as "epitomizing the defiant, unapologetically political, unabashedly Afrocentric, BAM ethos".[48] Her work is described as conveying "urgency in expressing the need for Black awareness, unity, [and] solidarity." Likewise, Giovanni's early work has been considered to be "polemic" and "incendiary".[49] Examples of poems in which she vehemently advocated for change include "The True Import of Present Dialogue Black vs. Negro" (1968), "Poem for Black Boys" (1968), and "A Litany for Peppe" (1970).

In addition to writing about racial equality, Giovanni advocated for gender equality as well. Odon states that "Giovanni's realignment of female identity with sexuality is crucial to the burgeoning feminist movement within the black community."[50] In the poem, "Revolutionary Dreams" (1970), Giovanni discusses gender and objectification. She writes, "Woman doing what a woman/Does when she's natural/I would have a revolution" (lines 14–16). Another example of a poem that encourages sexual equality is "Woman Poem" (1968). In "Woman Poem", Giovanni shows that the Black Arts Movement and racial pride were not as liberating for women as they were for men (Virginia Fowler, Introduction to the Collected Works of Nikki Giovanni). In "Woman Poem", Giovanni describes how pretty women become sex objects "and no love/or love and no sex if you're fat/get back fat black woman be a mother/grandmother strong thing but not woman."[51]

Giovanni took pride in being a "Black American, a daughter, mother, and a Professor of English".[47] Giovanni was also known for her use of African-American Vernacular English.[52] She wrote more than two dozen books, including volumes of poetry, illustrated children's books, and three collections of essays. Her work is said to speak to all ages, and she strived to make her work easily accessible and understood by both adults and children. Her writing, heavily inspired by African-American activists and artists,[52][53] also reflects the influences of issues of race, gender, sexuality, and the African-American family.[47] Her book Love Poems (1997) was written in memory of Tupac Shakur, and she stated that she would "rather be with the thugs than the people who are complaining about them."[54] Additionally, in 2007 she wrote a children's picture book titled Rosa, which centers on the life of Civil Rights leader Rosa Parks. In addition to this book reaching number three on the New York Times Best Seller list, it also received the Caldecott Honors Award, and its illustrator, Brian Collier, received the Coretta Scott King Award.[55]

Giovanni's poetry reached more readership through her active engagement with live audiences. She gave her first public reading at the New York City jazz spot, Birdland.[56] Her public expression of "oppression, anger, and solidarity"[56] as well as her political activism allowed her to reach more than just the poetic circles. After the birth of her son in 1969, Giovanni recorded several of her poems with a musical backdrop of jazz and gospel. She began to travel all around the world and speak and read to a wider audience. Even though Giovanni's earlier works were known to carry a militant, revolutionary tone, Giovanni communicated "a global sense of solidarity amongst oppressed peoples in the world" in her travels.[56] It is in this sense of human unity in which Giovanni aligned herself with the beliefs of Martin Luther King Jr. Like King, Giovanni believes a unified, collective government must be made up of the everyday, ordinary citizen, regardless of race, ethnicity, or gender.[56] In the 1970s and '80s, her popularity as a speaker increased even more. In 1972, Giovanni interviewed Muhammad Ali on Soul![57]

Giovanni was often interviewed regarding themes pertaining to her poetry such as gender and race. In an interview entitled "I am Black, Female, Polite", Peter Bailey questions her regarding the role of gender and race in the poetry she writes.[58] Bailey specifically addresses the critically acclaimed poem "Nikki-Rosa," and questions whether it is reflective of the poet's own childhood and her experiences in her community. In the interview, Giovanni stresses that she did not like constantly reading the trope of the black family as a tragedy and that "Nikki-Rosa" demonstrates the experiences that she witnessed in her communities.[58] For example, Giovanni wrote about her happy childhood as: "Black love is Black wealth and they'll/probably talk about my hard childhood/and never understand that/all the while I was quite happy" (lines 30–33).[59] Specifically, the poem deals with black folk culture and touches on such gender, race, and social issues as alcoholism and domestic violence and not having an indoor bathroom.[60]

Giovanni's poetry in the late 1960s and early 1970s addressed black womanhood and black manhood, among other themes. She co-wrote a book with James Baldwin entitled A Dialogue, in which the two authors speak openly and frankly about the status of the black male in the household. Baldwin challenges Giovanni's opinion on the representation of black women as the "breadwinners" in the household. He states: "A man is not a woman. And whether he's wrong or right... Look, if we're living in the same house and you're my wife or my woman, I have to be responsible for that house."[55] Conversely, Giovanni recognizes the black man's strength, whether or not he is "responsible" for the home or economically advantaged. The interview makes it clear that regardless of who is "responsible" for the home, the black woman and the black man should be dependent on one another. In a 1972 Soul! interview with Mohammad Ali, Giovanni uses her popularity as a speaker to a broader audience to read some of her essay "Gemini" from her book Gemini. In the excerpt from that essay, Giovanni intones: "we are born men and women...we need some happiness in our lives, some hope, some love...I really like to think a black, beautiful loving world is possible."[57] Such themes appeared throughout her early poetry which focused on race and gender dynamics in the black community.[55]

Giovanni toured nationwide and frequently spoke out against hate-motivated violence.[60] At a 1999 Martin Luther King Day event, she recalled the 1998 murders of James Byrd Jr. and Matthew Shepard: "What's the difference between dragging a black man behind a truck in Jasper, Texas, and beating a white boy to death in Wyoming because he's gay?"[61]

Those Who Ride the Night Winds (1983) acknowledged black figures. Giovanni collected her essays in the 1988 volume Sacred Cows... and Other Edibles. Her later works include Acolytes, a collection of 80 new poems, and On My Journey Now. Acolytes was her first published volume since her 2003 Collected Poems. The work is a celebration of love and recollection directed at friends and loved ones, and it recalls memories of nature, theater, and the glories of children. However, Giovanni's fiery persona still remains a constant undercurrent in Acolytes, as some of the most serious verse links her own life struggles (being a black woman and a cancer survivor) to the wider frame of African-American history and the continual fight for equality.

Giovanni's collection Bicycles: Love Poems (2009) is a companion work to her 1997 Love Poems. Both works touch on the deaths of her mother, her sister, and those massacred on the Virginia Tech campus. "Tragedy and trauma are the wheels" of the bicycle. The first poem ("Blacksburg Under Siege: 21 August 2006") and the last poem ("We Are Virginia Tech") reflect this. Giovanni chose the title of the collection as a metaphor for love itself, "because love requires trust and balance."[62]

In Chasing Utopia: A Hybrid (2013), Giovanni described falling off of a bike and her mother saying: "Come here, Nikki and I will pick you up." Giovanni explained that it was comforting to hear her mother say this, and that "it took me the longest to realize – no, she made me get up myself."[63] Chasing Utopia continues as a hybrid (poetry and prose) work about food as a metaphor and as a connection to the memory of her mother, sister, and grandmother. The theme of the work is love relationships.[64]

In 2004, Giovanni was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards for her album The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection. This was a collection of poems that she read against the backdrop of gospel music.(29) She also featured on the track "Ego Trip by Nikki Giovanni" on Blackalicious's 2000 album Nia. In November 2008, a song cycle of her poems, Sounds That Shatter the Staleness in Lives by Adam Hill, was premiered as part of the Soundscapes Chamber Music Series in Taos, New Mexico.

She was commissioned by National Public Radio's All Things Considered to create an inaugural poem for President Barack Obama. The poem, entitled "Roll Call: A Song of Celebration", ends with the following enthusiastic, optimistic three lines: "Yes We Can/Yes We Can/Yes We Can".[65] Giovanni read poetry at the Lincoln Memorial as a part of the bi-centennial celebration of Lincoln's birth on February 12, 2009.[66]

Giovanni was part of the 2016 Writer's Symposium by the Sea at Loma Nazarene University.[67] The University of California Television (UCTV) published the readings of Giovanni at the symposium. In October 2017 Giovanni published her collection A Good Cry: What We Learn from Tears and Laughter, which includes poems that pay homage to the greatest influences on her life who have passed away, including close friend Maya Angelou, who died in 2014.[68][69] Giovanni often read from her books. In one reading she shared her poem "I Married My Mother". In 2017, Giovanni presented at a TEDx event. Here she read the poem "My Sister and Me". She called herself and her sister "two little chocolate girls". After reading the poems she stated: "Sometimes you write a poem because damnit, you want to."[70]

During the 2020 United States presidential election, Giovanni appeared in a campaign ad for Joe Biden, reading her poem "Dream".[71]

Awards and recognition

Personal awards

Awarded works

Year Award Category Work Result Ref Notes
1973 National Book Award Gemini Nominated [74]
1996 Parents' Choice Award The Sun Is So Quiet Won [74][75]
1998 Children's Reading Roundtable of Chicago Award Vacation Time Won [74][75]
NAACP Image Awards Love Poems Won [74]
1999 NAACP Image Awards Blues: For All the Changes Won [74]
2003 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Fiction Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea Won [74]
American Library Association's Black Caucus Award Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea Won [74][75]
2004 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Fiction The Collected Poetry of Nikki Giovanni Finalist [84]
2008 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry Acolytes Won [85]
2009 Carter G. Woodson Book Award Elementary Lincoln and Douglass: An American Friendship Won [86]
Moonbeam Children's Book Awards Children's Poetry Hip Hop Speaks to Children Silver Award [87]
NAACP Image Awards Won
2010 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry Bicycles Won
2011 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry 100 Best African American Poems Won [88]
2014 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry Chasing Utopia: A Hybrid Finalist [89]

Eponym

Giovanni's Big-Eared Bat, also known as Micronycteris giovanniae, was named in her honor in 2007. The bat is found in western Ecuador and the naming was given "in recognition of her poetry and writings".[90]

Works

Poetry collections

  • Black Feeling, Black Talk (1968)[91]
  • Black Judgement (1968)[92]
  • Re: Creation (1970)[92]
  • Black Feeling, Black Talk/Black Judgement (contains Black Feeling, Black Talk and Black Judgement) (1970)[92]
  • My House (1972)[92]
  • The Women and The Men (1975)[93]
  • Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day (1978)[92]
  • Woman (1978)
  • Those Who Ride The Night Winds (1983)[92]
  • Knoxville, Tennessee (1994)[92]
  • The Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni (1996)[94]
  • Love Poems (1997)[92]
  • Blues: For All the Changes (1999)[95]
  • Quilting the Black-Eyed Pea: Poems and Not Quite Poems (2002)
  • The Prosaic Soul of Nikki Giovanni (2003)
  • The Collected Poetry of Nikki Giovanni: 1968-1998 (2003)[92]
  • Acolytes (2007)
  • Bicycles: Love Poems (2009) (William Morrow)[92]
  • 100 Best African American Poems (2010) [editor] (Sourcebooks MediaFusion)[92]
  • Chasing Utopia: A Hybrid (2013) (HarperCollins)[92]
  • A Good Cry: What We Learn From Tears and Laughter (2017) (William Morrow)
  • Make Me Rain (2020)

Children's books

  • Spin a Soft Black Song (1971)[92]
  • Ego-Tripping and Other Poems For Young People (1973)[92]
  • Vacation Time: Poems for Children (1980)[92]
  • Ego-Tripping and Other Poems for Young People Revised Edition (1993)
    • The Genie in The Jar (1996)
  • The Sun Is So Quiet (1996)[92]
  • The Girls in the Circle (Just for You!) (2004)
  • Rosa* (2005)
  • Poetry Speaks to Children: A Celebration of Poetry with a Beat (2005) [advisory editor] (Sourcebooks)
  • Lincoln and Douglass: An American Friendship (2008)[92]
  • Hip Hop Speaks to Children: A Celebration of Poetry with a Beat (2008) (Sourcebooks)
  • The Grasshopper's Song: An Aesop's Fable (2008)
  • I Am Loved (2018)
  • A Library (2022) Illustrated by Erin K. Robinson

Discography

  • Truth Is On Its Way (Right-On Records, 1971)[96]
  • Like a Ripple on a Pond (Niktom, 1973)
  • The Way I Feel (Niktom, 1975)
  • The Reason I Like Chocolate (Folkways Records, 1976)[96]
  • Legacies: The Poetry of Nikki Giovanni (Folkways, 1976)[96]
  • Cotton Candy on a Rainy Day (Folkways, 1978)[96]
  • Nikki Giovanni and the New York Community Choir* (Collectibles, 1993)[96]
  • Every Tone A Testimony (Smithsonian Folkways, 2001)[96]
  • The Nikki Giovanni Poetry Collection (2002)[96]
  • The Gospel According To Nikki Giovanni (Solid Jackson, 2022) with Javon Jackson

Other

  • (Editor) Night Comes Softly: An Anthology of Black Female Voices, Medic Press (1970)[97]
  • Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-five Years of Being a Black Poet (1971)[98]
  • A Dialogue with James Baldwin (1973)[99]
  • (With Margaret Walker) A Poetic Equation: Conversations between Nikki Giovanni and Margaret Walker (1974)[100]
  • (Author of introduction) Adele Sebastian: Intro to Fine (poems), Woman in the Moon (1985)[101]
  • Sacred Cows ... and Other Edibles (essays) (1988)[102]
  • (Editor, with C. Dennison) Appalachian Elders: A Warm Hearth Sampler (1991)[103]
  • (Foreword) The Abandoned Baobob: The Autobiography of a Woman (1991)
  • Racism 101* (essays, 1994)
  • (Editor) Grand Mothers: Poems, Reminiscences, and Short Stories about the Keepers of Our Traditions (1994)[104]
  • (Editor) Shimmy Shimmy Shimmy Like My Sister Kate: Looking at the Harlem Renaissance through Poems (1995)[47]
  • Foreword to Daryl Cumber Dance (ed.), Honey, Hush!: An Anthology of African American Women's Humor (1998)[105]
  • (Editor) 100 Best African American Poems (2010)[106]
  • (Afterword) Continuum: New and Selected Poems by Mari Evans (2012)
  • (Foreword) Heav'nly Tidings From the Afric Muse: The Grace and Genius of Phillis Wheatley by Richard Kigel (2017)
  • (Featured Artist) Artemis 2017 (Academic Journal of southwest Virginia) (2017)[107]
  • (Foreword) Black Ink: Literary Legends on the Peril, Power, and Pleasure of Reading and Writing (2018)

References

  1. ^ a b c Smith, Harrison (December 9, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni, who explored Black life in verse, dies at 81". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2024. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Jane M. Barstow, Yolanda Williams Page (eds), "Nikki Giovanni", Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), p. 213.
  3. ^ "The Wintergreen Women Writers Collective".
  4. ^ a b Binnicker, Margaret D. (October 8, 2017), "Yolande Cornelia 'Nikki' Giovanni", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture; updated March 7, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2024.
  5. ^ Busby, Margaret (ed.), Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present at [1].
  6. ^ "Awards and Honors". nikki-giovanni.com. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  7. ^ "Deeper Than Double: Nikki Giovanni and her Appalachian Elders – Pluck!". Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Poetry Foundation Center Nikki Giovanni Biography
  9. ^ "Nikki Giovanni-The Real Deal", Dallas News, December 8, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Giovanni, Nikki. "Chronology". Nikki Giovanni. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Nikki Giovanni facts, information, pictures". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
  12. ^ a b Green, Penelope (December 9, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni, Poet Who Wrote of Black Joy, Dies at 81". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  13. ^ a b Parkel, Inga (December 10, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni death: Poet and activist dies aged 81". The Independent. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  14. ^ "Ohio Reading Road Trip | Nikki Giovanni Biography". www.orrt.org. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
  15. ^ "Nikki Giovanni". The HistoryMakers. January 31, 2003. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  16. ^ "Nikki Giovanni". Black Women Writers Project. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  17. ^ Hudson, LaShawn (December 10, 2024). "'Closer Look' show host Rose Scott remembers literary giant Nikki Giovanni". WABE. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  18. ^ "Nikki Giovanni and James Baldwin in conversation on 'SOUL!' (PART 1) | ALL ARTS Vault". ALL ARTS TV. Retrieved December 11, 2024 – via YouTube.
  19. ^ "Nikki Giovanni and James Baldwin in conversation on 'SOUL!' (PART 2) | ALL ARTS Vault". ALL ARTS TV. Retrieved December 11, 2024 – via YouTube.
  20. ^ a b Drenon, Brandon (December 10, 2024). "Black arts literary icon Nikki Giovanni dies at 81". BBC News. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  21. ^ Dassow, Daniel (December 10, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni's incredible life: 19 events that took the poet from Knoxville to global stage". Knox News. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  22. ^ Phifer, Hanna (January 30, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni's Extraterrestrial Adventures". Oxfford American. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  23. ^ Tagen-Dye, Carly (December 10, 2024). "Nikki Giovanni, Poet and Leading Figure of Black Arts Movement, Dies at 81". People. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  24. ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (December 16, 2020). "Nikki Giovanni, Finding the Song in the Darkest Days". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
  25. ^ "Nikki Giovanni, University Distinguished Professor". Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
  26. ^ Boone, Jenny Kincaid (August 31, 2022). "End of a poetic era: Nikki Giovanni retires as English professor at Virginia Tech". Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  27. ^ "Virginia Tech's Nikki Giovanni Nominated for Spoken Word GRAMMY", Virginia Tech News, January 9, 2003.
  28. ^ "Nikki Giovanni · Virginia Changemakers". edu.lva.virginia.gov. Library of Virginia. 2015. Archived from the original on May 21, 2024. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
  29. ^ Knight, Bryan (May 26, 2020). "The Power of Words (with Nikki Giovanni)". YouTube.
  30. ^ Marovich, Bob (February 3, 2022). "Javon Jackson – The Gospel According to Nikki Giovanni". The Journal of Gospel Music. Retrieved March 27, 2022.
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  103. ^ Appalachian elders : a Warm Hearth sampler. Pocahontas Press. 1991. ISBN 9780936015323.
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  107. ^ ARTEMIS 2017. WILDER PUBLICATIONS. April 16, 2017. ISBN 9781515417071.
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