March 18, 1925: Deadliest tornado in U.S. history kills hundreds of people.
The following events occurred in March 1925:
March 1, 1925 (Sunday)
Elections were held in Luxembourg for the 47-seat parliament, Der Chamber. The conservative Rietspartei, led by Prime Minister Émile Reuter, lost four seats from its 26 seat majority.[1] While the Rietspartei retained a plurality with 22, it refused to form a coalition with any party that had voted against the railway treaty with Belgium, prompting other parties to form a new government.
"Ein Schilling", worth "Zehntausend Kronen"
The Republic of Austria adopted its new currency, the Austrian schilling, worth 10,000 of the former Austrian kronen.[2] The new schilling would be the currency of Austria until the republic's annexation by Germany in 1938, then restored in 1945 after World War II, and be replaced by the Euro in 1999.
The publisher Viking Press was founded in New York by Harold K. Guinzburg (formerly of Simon and Schuster) and George S. Oppenheimer, advertising manager for Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.[3][4]
A military committee in France, led by Marshal Ferdinand Foch, concluded that Germany had committed gross violations of the disarmament provisions laid down in the Treaty of Versailles.[5]
Rudolf Leopold, Austrian physician and art collector whose set of 5,000 works of art was donated to the Austrian government to create the Leopold Museum; in Vienna (d.2010)[6]
M. A. Sattar, Bangladesh entrepreneur and politician, founder of Sattar & Company Ltd.
Thomas Bidgood, 66, English composer known for the military march "Sons of the Brave", committed suicide by gas poisoning at his home.
Homer Plessy, 66, American shoemaker who was the plaintiff in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson, an 1896 U.S. Supreme Court precedent that racial segregation was legal provided that it met the concept of being "separate but equal".[7]
March 2, 1925 (Monday)
What would become Delta Air Lines began as the world's first aerial crop dusting company with the founding of Huff Daland Dusters Inc., in Macon, Georgia.[8][9] to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. The Huff-Daland Aero Corporation had constructed the first airplane that could incorporate a means of carrying and dispersing insecticide across farm fields. On December 3, 1928, a new group of investors would acquire the Huff-Daland assets and create Delta Air Service, with passenger service starting in 1930.[8]
Died:Luigj Gurakuqi, 46, formerly Albania's Minister of Economy and Finance, was shot to death in the Italian city of Bari, where he had been living since the Ahmet Zogu's return to power and inauguration as president. Gurakuqi had just finished dining with three friends at the Cavour Hotel. His assassin, Balto Stambolla, was an agent of Albania's Internal Affairs Ministry dispatched to carry out the killing.[11]
March 3, 1925 (Tuesday)
İsmet İnönüformed a cabinet for the fourth time as Prime Minister of Turkey after the resignation of Fethi Okyar and Okyar's ministers. His first act on taking office as to invoke the "Law for the Maintenance of Order" in order to control the Kurdish rebellion, giving the government emergency powers to close organizations deemed to be subversive.[12]
The United Kingdom followed the example of other nations owed indemnities from the Boxer Rebellion of 1900, agreeing to use its share of several million dollars to support railway construction in China. France followed suit on April 12, 1925.
The United States Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore Memorial Commission.
Agustín de Iturbide y Green, 61, claimant to the Imperial House of Iturbide as the grandson of Agustín I, who briefly reigned as Emperor of Mexico for eight months in 1822 and 1823[15]
The Federal Probation Act was signed into law in the U.S., giving federal courts the option to sentence defendants to probation instead of a federal prison sentence following conviction of a crime, as well as creating a system of probation and parole officers.
John Montgomery Ward, 65, American baseball pitcher, inductee to the National Baseball Hall of Fame, known for having the lowest ERA in major league baseball in 1878, and leader in strikeouts and games won in 1879, all in the National League[19]
Van E. Chandler, U.S. Army Air Force pilot who became the youngest flying ace of World War II, downing his fifth airplane in combat by the age of 19; in Kemp, Texas (d. 1998)[22]
Died:Clément Ader, 84, French Army captain and aviation pioneer
In Egypt, Alan Rowe, the deputy director of George Reisner's Harvard-Boston Expedition, became the first person in 4,500 years to open the chamber of the tomb of Hetepheres I, the mother of the Pharaoh Cheops and the Queen consort of the Pharaoh Sneferu.[29]
Dr. Herman N. Bundesen, Commissioner of the Chicago Department of Public Health announced in an article in the Department's weekly bulletin that the ongoing crossword puzzlefad caused no ill health effects from headaches or eye strain, as had previously been feared, and was beneficial to health in general. In a feature titled "Cross-Worditis", Bundesen noted humorously that "The savage little cross-word microbe may be largely explained by the fact that part of our lives and much energy must be put into amusement, to satisfy the play instinct within us. Therefore any play or game that has a mental 'kick' in it, is quickly accepted and eagerly pursued."[30][31] Bundesen,
Died: Saint Manuel Míguez González, 93, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and founder of the Calasanzian Institute.[33] Míguez González would be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint more than 90 years later, on October 15, 2017.
The German state of Bavaria imposed a two-year ban against public speaking by Adolf Hitler, limiting him to addressing only private, closed meetings. The government was nervous at the large crowd of 3,000 Fascists that Hitler had drawn on February 27 at the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich in his first public speech since his release from prison.[35][36]
A young member of the Nazi Party, Otto Rothstock, entered the office of Austrian Jewish writer Hugo Bettauer and shot him five times at point blank range.[43][44] Rothstock was angered by Bettauer's novel Stadt ohne Juden (The City Without Jews) which satirized antisemitism. Bettauer died of his wounds on March 27.
The nomination of Charles B. Warren for Attorney General of the United States, was rejected by the U.S. Senate after Democrats and some Republicans had concerns over whether Warren would enforce federal antitrust laws. U.S. President Calvin Coolidge had nominated Warren after his March 4 inauguration. On the first vote, the Senate was tied at 40 to 40. Coolidge's Vice President Charles G. Dawes would have broken the tie in favor of Warren, but Dawes did not arrive at the U.S. Capitol in time to resolve the tie. On the next vote, Warren's nomination failed, 39 to 41.[45] Another vote was taken on March 16 before 47 of the 48 Senators, and Warren was rejected by a vote of 39 to 46.[46]
Olympiacos F.C., winner of 47 championships in Greece's top-level professional soccer football league, was founded in Piraeus.[48]
Born:Ace Reid, American cartoonist who created the comic strip Cowpokes; in Lelia Lake, Texas (d.1991)
Died:Myer Prinstein, 46, Polish-born American track athlete and 1900 and 1904 Olympic gold medalist in the triple jump, died of a heart ailment.[49]
March 11, 1925 (Wednesday)
The League of Nations shelved all action on limiting the private manufacture of arms. The move was made ahead of the conference on limitation of arms trafficking to open on May 4, on the grounds that the United States would oppose such action on the grounds of such business being too lucrative.[50]
Duncan Ndegwa, Kenyan economist and the first African to serve as Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya; in Nyeri County (alive in 2024)[52]
March 12, 1925 (Thursday)
The British government decided to reject the Geneva Protocol.[53][54] Britain's Foreign Minister Austen Chamberlain told the League of Nations that the lack of participation by the United States in the League effectively rendered the Protocol unenforceable.[55]
The first voyage of the new American Palestine Line began as the SS President Arthur (formerly the U.S. Navy transport Princess Matoika) departed New York City with 400 passengers en route to Haifa in Palestine. [56]
In Germany, the Großdeutsche Volksgemeinschaft (GVG), a right-wing organization that had been established by Alfred Rosenberg and Julius Streicher during the temporary ban of the Nazi Party, was formally disbanded as the Nazi Party became legal again. Almost all of the GVG members rejoined the Nazis.[57]
Dr. Sun Yat-sen, 58, Chinese revolutionary and founder of the first Republic of China, Chairman of the ruling Kuomintang party since 1919, died of cancer of the gall bladder.[61]
Sir James Outram, 60, British mountaineer who made the first ascents of eight mountains in the Canadian Rockies[62]
March 13, 1925 (Friday)
The Hay-Quesada Treaty between Cuba and the United States was ratified by the U.S. Senate, recognizing that the Isla de Pinos (now Isla de la Juventud), owned primarily by U.S. companies and citizens, was the territory of Cuba.[63][64]
In Halle, Germany, six Communists were killed and 30 wounded when police broke up a communist demonstration.[65]
Died:Lucille Ricksen (stage name for Ingeborg Ericksen), 14, American child actress known for portraying older women in silent films, died of tuberculosis.[67][68]
March 14, 1925 (Saturday)
France's Senate Finance Committee voted to keep its embassy at the Vatican, over the wishes of Prime Minister Édouard Herriot.[69]
The Council of the League of Nations expressed hope that Germany would apply to join in September.[70]
At Philadelphia, the two best teams in the Ivy League (officially, the Eastern Intercollegiate League) played against each other to conclude the season. The 16-5 Penn Quakers upset the 21-1 Princeton Tigers by a single point, 29 to 28.[71][72] Despite the loss, Princeton would be retroactively selected by historians as the best team of the 1924-1925 season.[73]
Born:
William Clay Ford Sr., American businessman and billionaire who owned the Detroit Lions NFL team from 1964 until his death, and chaired the Ford Motor Company's Design Committee from 1957 to 1989; in Detroit (d.2014)[74]
Died:Walter Camp, 65, American college football coach known as "The Father of American Football" for his remaking of the rules of the gridiron game, including the system of downs for gaining a specific amount of yardage from the location where first down started, and for creating the line of scrimmage for a specific place on the field[75]
Lewis W. Thompson of Denver, Colorado, fell 700 feet (210 m) to his death from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon while posing for a photo. According to a later report, "Thompson motored to Grand Canyon with two friends... the party went walking along the Rim path toward Grandeur point. About a quarter mile from El Tovar hotel, Thompson paused and called Miss Vivian Hesse of Winslow to take his picture. The camera caught him in the act of going backward with arms overthrown and eyes closed."[77][78]
A 7.0 magnitude earthquake killed an estimated 5,000 people as it struck the Chinese province of Yunnan at 10:42 p.m. local time. In Dali City alone, 3,600 people were killed and 1,200 more died in Fengyi in Sichuan province.
A 5,000-mile high speed communications cable between the United States and Italy was officially activated by envoy to the United States Giacomo De Martino.[81]
Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister Edvard Beneš proposed a "United States of Europe", divided into two groups of roughly equal power, to secure peace. England, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain could make up the western bloc, while Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Austria and others could make up the eastern bloc.[82]
The Yunnan–Guangxi War began in China's Yunnan province, six days after the death of Kuomintang leader Sun Yat-sen, as Yunnan's leader, Tang Jiyao, announced that he would take control of the Kumonintang from the acting leader, Hu Hanmin. Tang led an invasion of the Guangxi province and the National Revolutionary Army, led by Chiang Kai-shek, would successfully defend the Hu government for almost two years, during which thousands of people, mostly civilians, would die.[86]
A fire in northeastern Tokyo destroyed 3,000 buildings.[87]
Two floors of Madame Tussauds wax museum in London were destroyed by fire. John Theodore Tussaud, the curator, commented that "All our priceless treasures are gone. Even those irreplaceable relics of Napoleon which have been preserved by one family for more than a century." Firefighters were able to save the molds from which the wax figures were cast, but Tussaud questioned whether the task of several years in rebuilding the collection would be worth the effort.[88]
The classic jazz tune "Sweet Georgia Brown" was first recorded by its author, bandleader Ben Bernie along with his Hotel Roosevelt Orchestra.[93] The record was released the next day, and would spend five weeks as the number-one record on the U.S. charts.[94]
The British government announced that it was proceeding with the development of a major naval base at Singapore, as W. E. Bridgeman, First Lord of the Admiralty, submitted a budget request for 60.5 million British pounds (equivalent at the time to $289,190,000) to the House of Commons for approval.[95]
Died:Nariman Narimanov, 54, Azerbaijani novelist, playwright, Bolshevik revolutionary and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijani SSR in 1921 and 1922, died of a heart attack.[96]
Clifton R. Wharton, American diplomat and the first African American to be admitted to the United States Foreign Service. beginning a career that would lead to him being (in 1958) the first black U.S. envoy to Romania and (in 1961), the first black U.S. Ambassador to Norway).[98][99]
Died:Lord Curzon, 66, British politician, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1919 to 1924, Leader of the House of Lords from since 1916, Viceroy of British India from 1899 to 1905, died following surgery for a severe hemorrhage of the bladder.[103]
March 21, 1925 (Saturday)
In Spain, the Commonwealth of Catalonia(Mancomunitat de Catalunya), governed by a deliberative assembly of 96 councilors of the four Catalan provinces (Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona and Lleida) and presided over by Governor Alfonso Sala, was dissolved by Spanish Prime Minister Miguel Primo de Rivera. The Mancomunitat had been created in 1913 after King Alfonso XIII had signed a law granting all Spanish provinces the right to group themselves into associations or commonwealths.[104]
In the U.S. state of Tennessee, the Butler Act, prohibiting school teachers from denying the Biblical account of man's origin, took effect as it was signed by Governor Austin Peay. The Act, which provided that "it shall be unlawful for any teacher in any of the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of the State which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, to teach any theory that denies the Story of the Divine Creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man has descended from a lower order of animals," had been passed by the state House of Representatives, 71 to 5 and by the Tennessee Senate, 24 to 6.[106] The Act would remain on the books until its appeal on May 17, 1967.[106]
The Board of Regents of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) announced that they had selected a 383 acres (155 ha) site at Westwood, adjacent to Beverly Hills as the site for a new campus.[107][108] The property, which would still house the UCLA campus 100 years later, was purchased from the Janss Brothers for almost one million dollars. Construction would begin on May 7, 1928.
In Germany, Franz Xaver Schwarz became the Reichsschatzmeister (National Treasurer) of the Nazi Party, a position he held for more than 20 years until the conquest of Germany on May 8, 1945.[109]
Three high-ranking Soviet intelligence agency officials— Georgi Atarbekov, 34; Solomon Mogilevsky, 39, and Aleksandr Myasnikyan, 39, were killed in the explosion of a Junkers F 13 airplane, along with the pilot and the flight engineer. The aircraft caught fire shortly after departing from Tiflis in the Georgian SSR to Sukhumi, where they were to attend a Communist Party conference.[114]
The soccer football national teams of Haiti and Jamaica made their international debut, playing each other in the a three-game series in the Haitian capital of Port-au-Prince. Jamaica won the opener, 2 to 1, and the other two games (3 to 0 on March 26 and 1 to 0 on March 29).[115]
Women's tuxedos were reported as the newest fashion rage in Paris.[116]
Born:Gerard Hoffnung, German-born British artist and musician; in Berlin (died of a cerebral hemorrhage, 1959)[117]
March 23, 1925 (Monday)
Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt. The Wafd Party, led by former Prime Minister Saad Zaghloul had had 188 of the 215 seats, and lost 102 of them to a collection of other parties and independents.[118]
The Venezuelan financial institution Mercantil Banco was founded in Caracas as "Banco Neerlando Venezolano" by a group of 98 Venezuelan businessmen. It would begin operations 11 days later.[119]
In Rome, Benito Mussolini made his first public appearance in over a month when he briefly spoke at a celebration commemorating the sixth anniversary of the Fasci Italiani da Combattimento. There had been much speculation as to the state of his health during his long absence.[120]
World Animal Day, now celebrated annually on October 4, was first staged by German zoologist and dog specialist Heinrich Zimmermann, with over 5,000 people attending at the Berlin Sport Palace.[125] Starting in 1929, World Animal Day would be moved to coincide with the feast day of Saint Francis of Assisi.
In a precursor to television, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store Selfridges.[127] A contemporary report in Nature magazine on three weeks of demonstrations noted that Baird had shown "an experimental apparatus of his own design for wireless 'television' (i.e. the simultaneous reproduction at a distance of an image of a fixed or moving object)" and that "we have seen the production in the receiver of a recognisable, if rather blurred, image of simple forms, such as letters painted in white on a black card, held up before the transmitter... the object, strongly illuminated, is placed opposite a revolving disc provided with a series of lenses, each a little nearer to the centre than the last, which project a series of moving images upon a selenium or other photo-electric cell, each a little displaced laterally from the last," and added "In the receiving section of Mr. Baird's television apparatus, the signals sent out from the transmitter are detected and amplified by very powerful valves until they are strong eneough to light up a neon tube when a signal is received."[128]
A fistfight broke out in the Italian Chamber of Deputies. Upon Benito Mussolini's return to the Chamber after an absence of 40 days, Fascists cheered and sang "Giovinezza", while the Communists countered with "The Internationale". Fascists rushed the Communist benches and punches were exchanged until the Communists left the Chamber and order was restored.[130]
Germany announced that holders of German war bonds would receive a refund of 5 percent of their original investment. Winners of a lottery would receive a refund of up to 25 percent.[131]
The British armed merchant cruiser HMS Rawalpindi was launched.
James "Red" Herring won boxing's World Junior Welterweight Title in a controversial decision over Pinky Mitchell. The bout in Detroit ended when referee Slim McClelland enforced a regulation that disqualified a person weighing more that the limit of 140 pounds (64 kg) for the light welterweight division, given that Mitchell weighed 146 pounds (66 kg).
Died:Hugo Bettauer, 52, Austrian writer and journalist, died 17 days after being shot multiple times by an assassin.[135]
March 28, 1925 (Saturday)
In the U.S., the National Speech and Debate Association (NSDA) was founded in Wisconsin by Ripon College professor Bruno E. Jacob, originally as the National Forensic League (NFL).[136] On May 17, 2013, the organization would change its name, explaining that "As a communication organization, we need to effectively communicate who we are and what we do. There is a common misunderstanding of 'NFL' or 'forensics,' including confusion with the National Football League or crime scene investigation; changing our name to focus on the activity of speech and debate will appeal to more students, coaches, alumni, sponsors, and the general public."[137]
In Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire in England, the original Kop Hill Climb was run for the last time after having started in 1910 as a 903 yards (826 m) climb by automobiles up a public road on a steep hill. After an automobile ran off the road and broke a spectator's leg, the Royal Automobile Club (R.A.C.) and the Auto-Cycle Union (A.C.U.) announced that they would issue no further permits for speed competitions on public roads.[139]The event would be revived more than 70 years later, in 1999.[140]
John Jacob Rogers, 43, U.S. Representative for Massachusetts since 1913, died of Hodgkins' disease three weeks after being inaugurated for his seventh consecutive term.[142] Less than a year earlier, Congressman Rogers had sponsored the Rogers Act and saw it to its signing on July 1, creating the United States Foreign Service. His widow, Edith Nourse Rogers, would be elected to complete the remainder of his term and would continue in the U.S. Congress for 35 years until her death in 1960.[143]
Japan's Diet passed the Universal Manhood Suffrage Law, expanding voting rights to 4 million citizens who were previously barred from voting on account of their dependence on public or private assistance for their livelihood.[145][146]
Died:Bajram Curri, 63, former Albanian Minister of War who was forced to go into hiding after his opposition to President Ahmet Zogu, was killed by his comrades while hiding near Dragobia.[147]
The collapse of a pontoon bridge in Germany killed 67 soldiers of the Reichswehr who drowned while crossing over the Weser river near Minden.[157] Later reporting alleged that the casualties were over 200 and the German military was conducting experiments with a new river-crossing system.[158]
^"Founding". www.deltamuseum.org. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
^Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. pp. 327–328. ISBN978-0-582-03919-3.
^Dervishi K., Plumba Politikës - Historitë e përgjakjes së politikanëve shqiptarë ("Political Bullet - Stories of the bloodshed of Albanian politicians", Tirana 55 publishing, 2010) pp.77-92. ISBN978-99943-56-43-0
^"John M. Ward Dies Suddenly in South— Famous Baseball Player and Noted Golfer Succumbs Suddenly in Georgia Hospital", The New York Times, March 5, 1925, p.17
^"'Cross-Worditis' Found Synonym for Happiness— Little Puzzle Microbe Upheld By Chicago Department of Health", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 9, 1925, p.1
^"Expert Declares Acrostic Puzzle a Health Source", Daily News (New York City), March 9, 1925, p.5
^"Heart Attack Kills Willard L. Metcalf; Was Ranked as the Foremost American Landscape Painter and a Leader in Art", The New York Times, March 10, 1925, p.21
^"Warren Nomination Rejected as Result of Dawes' Tardiness— He Fails to Become Attorney General Because Vice President is Not Present; Overman Switches Vote to Democrats; Final Vote Is 41 to 39", The Miami Herald, March 11, 1925, p.1
^"10 Republicans Vote Against President's Demand for Warren— Nomination Is Rejected for Second Time 46 to 39", The Miami Herald, March 17, 1925, p.1
^"British Cabinet and the Geneva Protocol. Dangers of the Plan. Mr. Chamberlain's Speech.", The Daily Telegraph (London), March 13, 1925, p.7
^"Palestine Liner Gets Big Send-off", The New York Times, March 13, 1925, p.8
^Mathias Rösch, The Munich NSDAP 1925–1933. An investigation into the internal structure of the NSDAP in the Weimar Republic (De Gruyter, 2002) p.105, ISBN 978-3-486-56670-3
^An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Women in Early American Films: 1895-1930ISBN978-0-789-01842-7 p. 464
^"Young Movie Star Is Taken by Death", The Seattle Star, March 13, 1925, p.1
^"French Senate Body Votes for Vatican Envoy". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 15, 1925. p. 18.
^"Germany Urged by Council Body to Join League". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 15, 1925. p. 18.
^"Tigers Lose, 29-28, to Penn But Win Basketball Title", Buffalo Courier, March 15, 1925, p.102
^"Sheer's Field Goal Gives Pen Basketball Team Win Over Princeton— Penn Cagers Hand Princeton Surprise", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 15, 1925, p.23
^ESPN, ed. (2009). ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. New York, NY: ESPN Books. p. 537. ISBN978-0-345-51392-2.
^"Sergeant Dreben, Famous Soldier of Fortune, Dies— Collapses in Doctor's Chair While Undergoing Treatment", The Atlanta Journal, March 16, 1925, p.8
^"Sergeant Dreben, Famous Soldier of Fortune, Dies— Collapses in Doctor's Chair While Undergoing Treatment", The Roanoke (VA) World-News, March 16, 1925, p.9
^"Cal and Mussolini Open New 5,000 Mile High Speed Cable". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 17, 1925. p. 13.
^Wales, Henry (March 18, 1925). "U.S. of Europe Urged as Clear Road to Peace". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 11.
^Greenberg, Michael I. (2006). Encyclopedia of Terrorist, Natural, and Man-made Disasters. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 186. ISBN978-0-7637-3782-5.
^Peter S. Felknor, The Tri-State Tornado: The Story of America's Greatest Tornado Disaster (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1992) ISBN0-8138-0623-2
^"Fire Destroys Part of Tokio; 20,000 Homeless". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 19, 1925. p. 3.
^"Famous Tussaud Was Exhibit Lost in Fire— Only Few Pieces of Collection Admired By Millions Are Saved", by Hal O'Flaherty, The Evening Sun (Baltimore), March 19, 1925, p.1
^"1925 Hotel Fires". Historical Society of Palm Beach County. Archived from the original on April 9, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
^Ristine, James D. (2009). Philadelphia's 1926 Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 7. ISBN978-0-7385-6544-6.
^CD liner notes: Chart-Toppers of the Twenties, 1998 ASV Ltd.
^"British Naval Bill Asks $289,190,000; Government Attacked by Labor and Liberals for Increase of $23,500,000; Opponents See Danger of Race With U.S. and Japan on Sea Armament", by Arthur Draper, The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 20, 1925, p.3
^George Jackson with Robert Devlin, "Narima Nejefoghi Narimanov" in Dictionary of the Russian Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989; pp. 399-400.
^U.S. Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Clifton R. Wharton". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2024-07-25.
^Mike Silver, Stars in the Ring: Jewish Champions (Guilford, Connecticut: Rowman and Littlefield, 2016) pp. 247-248
^"Westwood Selected— Regents Fix Upon University Site; Choice of Location Between Beverly Hills and Beach City Unanimous; Property Chosen 375 Acres in Extent and is Within Los Angeles Limits", The Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1925, p.1
^California of the Southland: A History of the University of California at Los Angeles (Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles Alumni Association, 1937)
^Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich, Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. p. 340. ISBN0-912138-27-0.
^Cary, Noel D. (1990), "The Making of the Reich President, 1925: German Conservatism and the Nomination of Paul von Hindenburg", Central European History, 23 (2–3): 179–204, doi:10.1017/S0008938900021348, S2CID145119910
^"Japan Grants Vote Right to 4,000,000 More". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 30, 1925. p. 3.
^Duckham, Helen & Duckham, Baron (1973). Great Pit Disasters: Great Britain, 1700 to the Present Day. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. pp. 25–26. ISBN0715357174.
^"Obituary. Dr. Rudolf Steiner.", The Daily Telegraph (London), March 31, 1925, p.6
^"Anthroposophical Leader Dies In Switzerland; Dr. Rudolf Steiner Early Became Follower of Goethe— Was Born In Silesia", Baltimore Sun, March 31, 1925, p.2
