List of members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(April 2023)
The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball, all-time great coaches, referees, and other major contributors to the sport. It is named after James Naismith, who conceived the sport in 1891; he was inducted into the Hall as a contributor in 1959.[1] To be considered for induction, nominees must meet certain prerequisites. Players must have been retired for at least three years before becoming eligible. Referees must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have officiated for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher. Coaches must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have coached for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher and from 2020 on must have coached for at least 25 years and reached the age of sixty years.[2] Those being considered for induction as contributors may be inducted at any time; the Hall of Fame and its committees evaluate whether contributions are significant enough for the nominee to be inducted as a contributor.[3] Teams are also inducted at the committees' discretion.
Twelve inductees have, either before or after their induction, won an Olympic medal coaching a men's national team to a top-three finish in the Olympic tournament. Eight coached the U.S. national team, while the other four coached foreign national teams. Six inductees—Summitt, Yow, Auriemma, Van Chancellor, VanDerveer, and Alexeeva—have led a women's national team to a top-three finish in the Olympics. Alexeeva led the Soviet Union to two golds, while all the others led the United States to gold medals (Auriemma after his induction, the others before being inducted). The United States and the Soviet Union (including the Unified Team in 1992) are the only two teams to have won the Olympic basketball tournament: the U.S. in 1984, 1988, 1996–2020, and the USSR in 1976, 1980 and 1992.
The exact number of individuals enshrined as contributors (as well as the number of player inductees) is subject to debate because of the Hall's treatment of 2014 inductee Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton, one of the first African Americans to play in the NBA. While he was initially announced as a contributor,[8] the Hall now classifies him as a player inductee.[9]
Six inductees in this category were associated with teams that have been inducted to the Hall as units. Naismith organized The First Team, the group of players involved in the first-ever basketball game in 1891 and also inducted as part of the inaugural Class of 1959. Robert L. Douglas, inducted in 1972, was the founder and owner of the New York Renaissance, inducted in 1963. Pete Newell, inducted in 1979, was the head coach of the 1960 U.S. Olympic team inducted in 2010. Three were associated with the Harlem Globetrotters, inducted in 2002. Abe Saperstein, inducted in 1971, was the team's founder and owner. Kennedy, although best known for his time as NBA commissioner, had been the Globetrotters' public relations director in the 1950s. Lemon, inducted in 2003, was one of the team's most enduring on-court stars.
Represented New England in Olympic Trials (Springfield College, 1936); five New England championships (Springfield College); Board of Directors of Basketball Hall of Fame (1959–66); National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) historian (1944–66)
Founded Collegiate Basketball Rules Committee (1905); Secretary and Treasurer of Rules Committee (1905–31); Founded Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League (now the Ivy League) (1910); Secretary and Treasurer of Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League (1910–31)
Played in the first public basketball game at Springfield and scored the team's only basket in a 5–1 loss; 7 Big Ten titles during late 19th century and early 20th century (Chicago)
Member of Basketball Rules Committee (1910–60); Editor of Official Basketball Guide (1915–60); official rules interpreter (1915–60); coach of Wilbraham (MA) Academy (1907–10)
First representative for high schools on the National Basketball Rules Committee; pioneered use of motion pictures to study proper playing techniques; edited the first high school rule book (1936); edited the first state high school association publication, the Illinois High School Athlete
President, Metropolitan Basketball League (1922–28, 1931–33); President and chairman of the board, American Basketball League (1928–31, 1933–53); dedicated to the advancement of professional basketball in the East; supporter of referees and one of the first league administrators to begin fining players
Officiated in the Missouri Valley Conference, Big Eight, Kansas and Missouri Conferences, and the national AAU championships; one of the founders of the NABC; author of the NABC's Constitution and By-Laws, and designer of its emblem; promoted the adoption of molded basketball by colleges
Operated and coached professional teams in 14 cities in the National, New England, Western Massachusetts, Hudson River, Central, New York State, Inter-State, Metropolitan, Eastern States, and American leagues (1901–32); National League championship (Camden, 1904); Metropolitan League championships (Patterson, 1923; Kingston, 1928)
Lobbied for formal national and international rules for amateur basketball for three decades; served on NCAA Rules Committee with James Naismith (1912–37); chairman, Rules Committee (1919–37); Member, Olympic Basketball Committee (1936)
Basketball director, Madison Square Garden (1934); integral in formation of BAA (1946); founded the New York Knicks (1946); President, New York Knicks (1946–74)
Helms Athletic Foundation Championship (Butler, 1924, 1929); President, NABC (1954–55); chairman, Rules Committee of the National Basketball Committee of U.S. and Canada; coached the Great Lakes Navy teams during World War II
Started concept of college basketball doubleheaders at the Boston Garden (1944–45); first Chairman of the Hall of Fame Honors Committee (1959–64); owned the world's largest basketball library; considered the number-one authority on the game's history
Shoe salesman; Organized first basketball clinic at North Carolina State University (1922); developed the popular Converse Basketball Yearbook (1922); selected All-America teams (1932); The Chuck Taylor "All-Star" was the official shoe of the Olympics (1936–68)
Owner of the Harlem Globetrotters. Saperstein's Globetrotters played before 55 million fans in 87 countries; the Globetrotters were part of the first basketball sellout ever at Madison Square Garden; led the Globetrotters to the World Professional Title (1940); won the International Cup with the Globetrotters (1943–44)
Owned and coached New York Renaissance (1922–49); World Professional Championship with Renaissance (1939); known as "The Father of Black Professional Basketball"
BAA Championship (Philadelphia Warriors, 1947); NBA Championship (Philadelphia Warriors, 1956); Coach and Owner of Warriors (1946–55 and 1946–62); Chairman of NBA Rules Committee for 25 years; served as NBA schedule maker for 30 years. John Bunn Award (1979).
50 district, regional, and invitational tournaments, including two championships (Indiana state; 1919, 1934); first President, Indiana High School Coaching Association; member of National Rules Committee (1952–56); first full-time executive secretary and director of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (1963–66)
Served as NBA's first commissioner (1949–63); negotiated NBA's first TV contract (1954); arranged for construction and use of the first 24-second clock (1954); NBA's MVP Award was named in his honor until 2021.
2 Kansas Conference Championship (Baker University; 1930, 1937); President of Kansas Conference Coaches Association (1936–38); created National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball (NAIB)/National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) tournament (1937); served as NAIA executive secretary (1940–49)
3 NAIA championship (Tennessee State; 1957–59); NAIA Coach of the Year (1958); 8 CIAA championships (1941, 1943–44, 1946–47, 1949–50, 1952); first African-American coach with Cleveland Pipers of the American Basketball League, later coach of the Denver Rockets (ABA)
Member of FIBA Technical Commission (1948–56); President of Hungarian Basketball Federation (1954); member of FIBA Central Board (1956); member of FIBA Commission of Finances and Amateurism (1960–80), FIBA Hall of Fame (2007)
NAIB Finals appearance (Pepperdine; 1945); Director and founder of NAIB/NAIA National Basketball Championship Tournament (1949–75); member of U.S. Basketball Association Ethics Committee (1960–64); Board of Directors, U.S. Olympic Committee
Chairman, AAU Basketball Committee, seven terms; chairman and team manager, Olympic Basketball Committee (1948); Executive board member, U.S. Olympic Committee (1956, 1960); Vice-chairman, Pan American Federation and FIBA Rules Committee (1962)
Executive Secretary of Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association (1947–57); Secretary of National Basketball Rules Committee (1958–77); executive director of the National Federation of State High School Athletic Associations (1958–77); member of U.S. Olympic Committee Board of Directors (1961–76). John Bunn Award (1977).
Instrumental in the reinstatement of the dunk (1976); eliminated jump ball with the exception of the start of the game and overtime (1981); advocate of the 45-second shot clock and three-point shot (1985); NIT Selection Committee (1962–68), FIBA Hall of Fame (2007)
Director of Physical Education (Smith College; 1892–11); organized first women's game at Smith College (March 22, 1893); author, Basketball Guide for Women (1901–07); chairperson, Basketball Committee for Women (1905–17)
8 Oklahoma state championships and 7 runners-up; compiled 36 20-plus win seasons, including 28 consecutive (1930–57); founded the first girls' basketball clinic and camp in the Southwest; coach of the Decade (1930s, 1940s, 1960s) by Jim Thorpe Athletic Awards Committee (1974)
NBA Commissioner (1975–84); The Sporting News Sportsman of the Year (1976); created NBA college scholarship program (1980); developed antidrug program (1984); President, Basketball Hall of Fame (1985–87). John Bunn Award (1984).
Italian national championship (Oransoda team, 1968); oversaw the introduction of the three-point line in international competition; overseen reorganization of FIBA into zonal administration system; member of International Olympic Committee, FIBA Hall of Fame (2007)
Five-time NBA All-Star (1961–65); NBA championship (Boston Celtics, 1968); first African American NBA general manager (Milwaukee Bucks, 1971–79); later GM of the Cleveland Cavaliers; The Sporting NewsNBA Executive of the Year (1992, 1998)
Owner of the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons/Detroit Pistons (1941–1974); NBL championship (Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons, 1944–45); key figure in the merger of the BAA and NBL to form the NBA; NBA Finals appearance (Fort Wayne Pistons, 1955–56); named "Mr. Pro Basketball" at the 1975 Silver Anniversary All-Star Game
CIAA "Player of the Decade" for the 1940s; NAIA Silver and Golden Anniversary Teams; first African American to play in an NBA game (1950);[60] NBA Championship Team (1955); first African American bench coach (1968)
Owner and GM of the Phoenix Suns; The Sporting NewsNBA Executive of the Year (1976, 1981, 1989, 1993); youngest general manager in professional sports (1968); enshrined in Illinois Basketball Hall of Fame (1995); former chairman and CEO of the Arizona Diamondbacks; GM of the U.S. Men's National Basketball team (2005–present)
Coach, 1980 United States Olympic Team; five-time New England Coach of the Year; founder of the Big East Conference; John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award (1987); Naismith Outstanding Contribution to Basketball Award winner (1993)
ESPN Broadcaster; Sports Personality of the Year by the American Sportscasters Association (1989); Curt Gowdy Media Award (1998); NABC Cliff Wells Appreciation Award (2000); Books include Time Out Baby!, Campus Chaos, Living a Dream and Holding Court
Owner of the Los Angeles Lakers (1979–2013) and Los Angeles Sparks (1997–2006); 10 NBA championships (Lakers, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987–88, 2000–02, 2009–10); 2 WNBA championships (Sparks, 2001–02)
Player with the Boston Celtics (1960–73); 8 NBA championships (1961–66, 1968, 1969); later coach of the Celtics and Harvard University; key developer of the NBA's Rookie Transition Program and founder of many of the league's player programs; John Bunn Award (2007)
First African American to be named to a major college All-America team (Helms Foundation, 1947, with UCLA); first African American to play for and win Olympic gold with Team USA (1948); first African American to play in the NBA All-Star Game (1953)
Co-founder of Nike, "credited with expanding the game of basketball around the world through its innovative products and influential marketing" and "the first sports brand to incorporate top athletes to connect with consumers emotionally"
NBA executive from 1976 to 2006, "involved in every major negotiation including television contracts, collective bargaining, and league expansion" during his tenure; also president of USA Basketball who helped oversee the inclusion of NBA players in the 1992 Olympic "Dream Team"
Dubbed the "Father of Black Basketball"; introduced the sport to the black community in Washington, D.C., in the early 20th century and formed many organizations to govern and promote the sport among African Americans
First African American player to sign an NBA contract who caught on with a team; one-time NBA All-Star (1957); also played with two Hall of Fame teams in the New York Renaissance and Harlem Globetrotters; 1978 inductee in the Black Athletes Hall of Fame
NBA commissioner from 1984 to 2014, during which time the league expanded by seven teams and signed several lucrative TV deals. Also responsible for the creation of the WNBA, the draft lottery, and several league outreach organizations. FIBA Hall of Fame (2016).
Longtime college coach and broadcaster who served on the boards of many major basketball organizations, among them the NABC, NCAA, USA Basketball, and Nike, also serving as Nike's director of grassroots and international basketball. John Bunn Award (2013).
Owner and chairman of the Chicago Bulls since 1985, turning the franchise into a lucrative business that won six NBA Championships in the 1990s (1991–1993 and 1996–1998)
She was a member of the NCAA National Champion Connecticut Huskies (1995). She won several awards including; AP Female Athlete of the Year, the Wade Trophy, the Naismith Award, WBCA National Player of the Year and USBWA National Player of the Year.
A Harlem Globetrotters star, He saved the team from extinction by buying it and becoming its CEO from 1993 to 2007. Mannie Jackson is the First African-American to own a major International sports and entertainment organization. He was also the Chairman of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (2007-2009).
An NCAA administrator with a career of 38 years. He formerly played for Oregon Ducks as a quarterback. He helped in increasing the revenue of NCAA Basketball television contract from $1.2 billion when he arrived to $10.8 billion when he left in 2010. John Bunn Award (2001).
Was Executive Vice President & general manager of the Chicago Bulls during their Michael Jordan-led dynasty years. Won 6 NBA championships as Bulls' GM (1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998), and also won the NBA Executive of the Year Award twice (1988 & 1996).
President and chief executive officer of the Phoenix Suns (2002-2011), and the Golden State Warriors (2011-2021) Won 3 NBA championships as Warriors' President (2015, 2017, 2018) in a 5-year span (2015-2019).
Secretary General of the FIBA (2003–2018). Primarily focused on the youth sector and the expansion of 3x3 basketball as a global game, while developing programs and events to grow basketball worldwide.
Widely regarded as a trailblazing basketball executive and significant contributor to women's and men's basketball on the collegiate, professional and international level. Served as WNBA President from the league's inception in 1996 to 2005, and USA Basketball's first female President from 2005 to 2008. Since 2013, led the BIG EAST Conference as Commissioner, launching several initiatives including BIG EAST Serves, the Digital Network, the Student-Athlete Well-Being Forum, and winning two NCAA basketball national championships (Villanova 2016, 2018). A recipient of the John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award (2008), the Edward Steitz Award (2013) and the Women's Sports Foundation Billie Jean King Award (2016), as well as an enshrinee of the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (2011).
Co-founder and longtime director of Five-Star Basketball Camp, which revolutionized scouting, recruiting, and coaching development. Five-Star's drill-station style became the standard for basketball camps and countless participants went on to play in the NBA. Prior to Five-Star, he started High School Basketball Illustrated in 1965, the first high school scouting report. He was inducted into the Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013.
Coach or assistant coach at the collegiate, professional and international levels from 1965 to 2012, including six NBA teams. Named 1995 Coach of the Year with the Los Angeles Lakers. John Bunn Award (2019).
As part of the inaugural class of 1959, four players were inducted, including George Mikan, who was the first NBA player to be enshrined. In total, 177 or 178 players, depending on Nathaniel Clifton's classification, have been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Of these, 110 or 111, again depending on Clifton's classification, have played in the NBA.[5] The 1993 class had the most player inductees, with eight. No players were inducted in 1965, 1967, 1968 and 2007. Five players have also been inducted as coaches: John Wooden in 1973, Lenny Wilkens in 1998, Bill Sharman in 2004, Tom Heinsohn in 2015, and Bill Russell in 2021.[86]
Two player inductees have won the John Bunn Award—Bob Cousy and Wooden.
Twenty player inductees were born outside the United States. Canadian-born Robert J. "Bob" Houbregs (inducted 1987) was drafted by NBA's Milwaukee Hawks in 1953 and played five seasons in the league.[95] Four inductees were born in the former Soviet Union: Sergei A. Belov, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Arvydas Sabonis, and Uljana Semjonova. Belov, inducted in 1992, was born in modern-day Russia; Sabonis and Marčiulionis, respectively inducted in 2011 and 2014, were born in today's Lithuania. All three players won gold medals for the USSR at the Olympic Games. Marčiulionis and Sabonis each added two bronze medals for Lithuania after the restoration of its independence in 1990; Marčiulionis is also credited by the Hall with resurrecting the Lithuania national team after independence. Semjonova, inducted in 1993, was born in what is now Latvia. She won two Olympic golds with the USSR women's team.
The Referee category has existed since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first referee was inducted in 1959. Since then, seventeen referees have been inducted.[3]Ernest C. Quigley, born in Canada, is the only inductee in this category born outside of the United States.
Officiated high school, college, and professional games (1924–56); officiated in NCAA and NIT tournaments; BAA/NBA supervisor of referees (1946–50); officiated for the Harlem Globetrotters (1950–56)
Founded Eastern Massachusetts Board of Approved Basketball Officials; founded New England Interscholastic Basketball Tournament; chief of officials for the Eastern Massachusetts High School Tournament; refereed high school and college games
Supervisor of NCAA tournament officials (1940–42); member of NCAA Football Rules Committee (1946–54); officiated more than 1,500 games in 40-year career; was Major League Baseball umpire for 25 years
Officiated in the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference, the Eastern Conference, the Ivy League, and in the National Invitation Tournament; Executive Committee of the New York City High School Coaches Association; honorary member of the International Association of Approved Basketball Officials (IAABO)
New Jersey State championship at Hoboken High School (1924); associate director of Collegiate Basketball Officials Bureau (1941–56); co-author of first Manual of Basketball Officiating; officiated in the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball Conference and the Eastern Conference
Officiated in 18 NCAA tournaments, in 18 National Invitation Tournaments; original referee in the BAA and NBA (1946–54); officiated in the Olympics (Helsinki, 1952, Melbourne, 1956)
Officiated in the Olympics (Rome, 1960); chief official of Pan American Games (1959); Chairman of U.S. Olympic Basketball Officials Committee (1976); conducted clinics in the U.S. and 13 foreign countries
Officiated NCAA championship game between Kentucky and Kansas State (1951); officiated in the NCAA tournament for 16 years; became the tenth referee enshrined into the Hall; supervisor of officials of the Pacific Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (1955–62)
Officiated 6 NCAA championship finals; refereed 3 NAIA Finals and 3 NIT Finals; officiated in the Olympics (Tokyo, 1964, Mexico City, 1968); best referee by Dell Publications
Officiated 2,112 NBA games, a record at the time of his retirement; first referee to officiate more than 2,000 NBA games; referee of 8 NBA All-Star Games and at least 1 game of the NBA Finals for 22 consecutive seasons; NBA Head of Officials
Officiated six NCAA men's Division I championship games, including 1975 (the final game of John Wooden) and 1979 (the start of the rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson), and 10 Final Fours; only official to work the NCAA and NIT championship games in the same year; first NCAA Coordinator of Men's Basketball Officials (1986); often called the "John Wooden of officials"
Officiated in the NBA for 39 years, never missing a game in his entire career (2,635 games), including 27 NBA Finals games, over 250 playoff games, and three All-Star Games; first NBA official to call an Olympic game (1992)
Officiated in the NBA for 27 years from 1967 to 1994, and later served as NBA Supervisor of Officials for 17 years from 1981 to 1998. Credited for creating and heading the first union for NBA referees, known as the National Association of Basketball Referees, a predecessor to the present day NBRA.
Officiated in the NBA for 28 years from 1973 to 2001, including 1,969 regular season games, 35 NBA Finals games, over 170 playoff games and four All-Star Games. Served as the NBA Assistant Supervisor of Officials
The Team category has existed since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first teams were inducted in 1959. Four teams were enshrined before 1963, but the fifth was not enshrined until 2002. All told, 12 teams have been inducted, with the most recents being the Tennessee A&I State Teams of 1957, 1958, 1959 and the Wayland Baptist Women's Teams of 1948–82 inducted in 2019.[6]
Founded during a class at the Springfield YMCA; first game of basketball played on December 21, 1891, and consisted of 18 players, 9 to a side; score of first game was 1–0; toured U.S. and helped popularize basketball in the months following its invention
First professional team to sign exclusive player contracts; 2 American Basketball League (ABL) championships (1926–27); introduced post play, zone defenses, and switching man-to-man defense
Pan American Championship (1901); Olympic exhibition title (St. Louis, 1904); went undefeated in 5 of first 18 seasons; won 111 straight games (1908–10)
Pioneering all-black team, compiled record of 2588–539 in the 1920s, 30s and 40s, Founded and owned by Hall of Famer Robert L. Douglas; World Professional Tournament (1939)
Played more than 20,000 games in more than 100 countries; the 25th anniversary tour was highlighted by a game before 75,000 fans in Berlin's Olympic Stadium (1951); won John Bunn Award (1999)
All-women's team founded in 1936 playing against men's teams under men's rules; won 96 straight games at one point; credited by the Hall with "shattering stereotypes about female athletes and overcoming social barriers that existed on and off the basketball court"
Called by the Hall "the first dynasty in women's college basketball"; won three consecutive AIAW national championships (1972–1974), including one undefeated season and a 35-game winning streak
First African-American college team to win a major national championship and first college program to win three consecutive basketball national championships, led by Hall of Fame coach John McLendon (1979 & 2016) and players Dick Barnett and John "Rabbit" Barnhill.
Held a 151-game winning streak from 1953 to 1958 and 10 overall AAU National Championships. They were inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013 along with these individuals: Harley Redin, coach 1955–73 (1999) Katherine Washington, 1957–60 (2000) Dean Weese, coach 1973–79 (2000) Claude Hutcherson, sponsor 1950–77 (2003) Patsy Neal, 1956–60 (2003) Marsha Sharp, player 1970-72 & coach 1972–74 (2003) Jill Rankin Schneider, 1975–78 (2011)
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^"John J. O'Brien". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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^"Frank Morgenweck". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Lynn W. St. John". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"William A. Reid". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"John W. Bunn". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Edward S. "Ned" Irish". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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^"Paul D. "Tony" Hinkle". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"William G. "Bill" Mokray". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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^"Charles H. "Chuck" Taylor". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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^"Edward "Ed" Gottlieb". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Elmer H. Ripley". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Harry A. Fisher". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Maurice Podoloff". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^"Emil S. Liston". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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^"Meadowlark Lemon". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
^Lloyd was one of three African Americans who were on NBA rosters at the start of the 1950–51 season (a fourth would make his debut later that season). The others who started that season were Chuck Cooper, the first of the three to be drafted, and Nat Clifton, the first of the three to sign an NBA contract. Lloyd was the first to play in a game because his team was the first to open its season.
^"Earl F. Lloyd". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
^"Jerry Colangelo". Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
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