List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
World War I (also known as the First World War and the Great War) was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Entente and the Central Powers .[ 1] The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand . The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare, resulting in the mobilization of more than 65 million European soldiers,[ 2] and more than 40 million casualties —including approximately 20 million deaths by the end of the war.[ 3]
When World War I broke out, the United States maintained a policy of isolationism , avoiding conflict while trying to negotiate peace between the warring nations. However, when a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied and Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement. He repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law.[ 4]
By the time the United States of America entered the war in 1917—three years after the first shots were fired—several Americans had already gone to fight as pilots by joining the Royal Flying Corps . These pilots reported to Canada, and after flight training were sent to fight as officers in the British military.[ 5]
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously .[ 6]
In all some 125 men received the Medal for their actions in World War I (34 of them posthumously): 92 from the Army , to include 4 from the Air Service , 21 from the Navy (including 10 who received the Medal of non-combat actions), and 8 from the Marine Corps . Among the recipients were Alvin York , who later became the basis for the movie Sergeant York , and Edward Rickenbacker , who became a flying ace . Ralph Talbot of the Marine Corps also became a flying ace and was the first Marine aviator to receive the Medal of Honor.[ 7] [ 8]
Since the Medal of Honor was established, 19 recipients have received it twice, of whom 5 received both awards during World War I.[ 9] These 5 men were all Marines who received both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action. This was made possible by the practice of attaching some units of the U.S. Marine Corps, a part of the Department of the Navy , to larger U.S. Army commands, making marines in such units eligible for both Army and Navy decorations. Of the other three marines who earned the Medal of Honor during World War I, two were awarded only the Navy version and one, Fred W. Stockham , received only the Army version.[ 10] In February 1919, the criteria for the award were amended to state that no person could receive more than one Medal of Honor, thus precluding any future double recipients.[ 11]
Recipients
This color indicates that the Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously. The addition of the † symbol means that the recipient was killed in action or died during the war.
Image
Name
Service
Rank
Place of action
Date of action
Notes[ 12]
Joseph B. Adkison
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Bellicourt , France
Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun position
Jake Allex
Army
E-04 Corporal
Chipilly Ridge, France
Aug 9, 1918
Took command of his platoon after all officers had been killed or wounded and single-handedly captured a machine gun nest
Edward C. Allworth
Army
O-03 Captain
Cléry-le-Petit , France
Nov 5, 1918
Swam across a canal under fire, encouraging his men to follow, then led his unit in the capture of 100 prisoners
Johannes S. Anderson
Army
E-08 First Sergeant
Consenvoye , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest
Albert E. Baesel †
Army
O-01 Second Lieutenant
near Ivoiry , France
Sep 27, 1918
Killed while trying to rescue a wounded soldier under heavy fire
John H. Balch
Navy
E-06 Pharmacist's Mate First Class
Vierzy and Somme-Py , France
Jul 19, 1918 and Oct 5, 1918
Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and establish a dressing station
Charles D. Barger
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Bois-de-Bantheville , France
Oct 31, 1918
With Jesse N. Funk , entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers
David B. Barkley †
Army
E-01 Private
near Pouilly-sur-Meuse , France
Nov 9, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire, drowned on the return trip
John L. Barkley
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Cunel , France
Oct 7, 1918
Manned a machine gun inside a disabled tank and single-handedly repelled two German counterattacks
Frank J. Bart
Army
E-01 Private
near Medeah Ferme , France
Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced two machine gun nests
Robert L. Blackwell †
Army
E-01 Private
near Saint-Souplet , France
Oct 11, 1918
Killed while trying to carry a message calling for reinforcements through heavy fire
Erwin R. Bleckley †
Air Service
O-01 Second Lieutenant
near Binarville , France
Oct 6, 1918
Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Harold Goettler
Joel T. Boone
Navy
O-03 Lieutenant
near Vierzy , France
Jul 19, 1918
Exposed himself to intense fire in order to treat the wounded and bring in supplies
Willis Winter Bradley, Jr.
Navy
O-03 Lieutenant
USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires , Argentina
Jul 23, 1917
Entered a room containing explosives and extinguished a fire after an accidental detonation
Deming Bronson
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Eclisfontaine , France
Sep 26, 1918 – Sep 27, 1918
Continued to fight although suffering from severe wounds
Donald M. Call
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Varennes , France
Sep 26, 1918
Rescued a wounded officer from a disabled tank and carried him to safety under intense fire
Tedford H. Cann
Navy
E-03 Seaman
USS May
Nov 5, 1917
Dove into a flooded compartment to find and plug a leak which threatened his ship
Marcellus H. Chiles †
Army
O-03 Captain
near Le Champy Bas , France
Nov 3, 1918
Led from the front despite intense machine gun fire until being mortally wounded
—
Wilbur E. Colyer †
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Verdun , France
Oct 9, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced three machine gun nests
—
Henry G. Costin †
Army
E-01 Private
near Bois-de-Consenvoye , France
Oct 8, 1918
Mortally wounded while attacking a machine gun nest alone after everyone else in his team had become casualties
Jesse W. Covington
Navy
E-04 Ship's Cook Third class
USS Stewart
Apr 17, 1918
Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives
Louis Cukela
Marine Corps
E-05 Sergeant
near Villers-Cotterêts , France
Jul 18, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strongpoint[ n 1]
George Dilboy †
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Belleau , France
Jul 18, 1918
Mortally wounded while single-handedly attacking and silencing a machine gun position
Michael A. Donaldson
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Sommerance -Landres-et-Saint-Georges Road, France
Oct 14, 1918
Rescued six wounded men despite intense fire
William J. Donovan
Army
O-05 Lieutenant Colonel
near Landres-et-Saint-Georges , France
Oct 14, 1918 – Oct 15, 1918
Exposed himself to fire in order to lead and organize his men, remained with them after being wounded. The only person to have received the four highest awards in the United States: the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross , the Distinguished Service Medal , and the National Security Medal .
James C. Dozier
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Montbrehain , France
Oct 8, 1918
Continued to lead after being wounded and, with another soldier, silenced a machine gun nest
Parker F. Dunn †
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Grandpré, Ardennes , France
Oct 23, 1918
Killed while carrying a message through intense fire
—
Daniel R. Edwards
Army
E-02 Private First Class
Soissons , France
Jul 18, 1918
Although severely injured, single-handedly entered a German trench and killed or captured the occupants
Alan L. Eggers
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Le Catelet , France
Sep 29, 1918
With J.C. Latham and Thomas E. O'Shea , rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day
—
Michael B. Ellis
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Exermont , France
Oct 5, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured several German positions
Arthur J. Forrest
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Remonville , France
Nov 1, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest
Gary E. Foster
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Montbrehain , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest
Jesse N. Funk
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Bois-de-Bantheville , France
Oct 31, 1918
With Charles D. Barger , entered no man's land and rescued two wounded officers
—
Harold A. Furlong
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Bantheville , France
Nov 1, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a series of machine gun nests
Frank J. Gaffney
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Ronssoy , France
Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly captured and held a German position until reinforcements arrived
Harold E. Goettler †
Air Service
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Binarville , France
Oct 6, 1918
Killed while trying to supply the Lost Battalion by air with Erwin Bleckley
Ora Graves
Navy
E-03 Seaman
USS Pittsburgh en route to Buenos Aires , Argentina
Jul 23, 1917
Extinguished a fire after an accidental explosion
Earle D. Gregory
Army
E-05 Sergeant
north of Verdun , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured three German positions
Sydney G. Gumpertz
Army
E-08 First Sergeant
Bois-de-Forges , France
Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest
—
Thomas L. Hall †
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Montbrehain , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second
Charles H. Hammann
Naval Reserve
O-01 Ensign
off Pula , Austria-Hungary
Aug 21, 1918
Rescued a fellow pilot who had been shot down
M. Waldo Hatler
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Pouilly-sur-Meuse , France
Nov 8, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire
David E. Hayden
Navy
E-03 Hospital Apprentice First Class
Thiaucourt , France
Sep 15, 1918
Reached a wounded man, treated him, and carried him to safety despite intense fire
George P. Hays
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Greves Farm , France
Jul 14, 1918 – Jul 15, 1918
Carried messages through heavy fire
James D. Heriot †
Army
E-04 Corporal
Vaux-Andigny , France
Oct 12, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun nest, killed while attacking a second
Ralyn M. Hill
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Donnevoux , France
Oct 7, 1918
Ran through heavy fire to rescue a downed French pilot
Richmond H. Hilton
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Brancourt , France
Oct 11, 1918
Led an attack which successfully captured a machine gun nest
Nelson M. Holderman
Army
O-03 Captain
northeast of Binarville , France
Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 8, 1918
As part of the Lost Battalion , continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded and rescued two wounded men from under intense fire
Osmond K. Ingram †
Navy
E-06 Gunner's Mate First Class
USS Cassin , off the coast of Ireland
Oct 15, 1917
Killed while attempting to release depth charges in the face of an oncoming torpedo
Edouard V. M. Izac
Navy
O-03 Lieutenant
German submarine U-90
May 21, 1918
Gathered intellegience while a prisoner of war, escaped and brought the information to the Allies
Ernest A. Janson
Marine Corps
E-07 Gunnery Sergeant
near Château-Thierry , France
Jun 6, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and dispersed a machine gun detachment[ n 1] [ n 2]
Harold I. Johnston
Army
E-02 Private First Class
near Pouilly-sur-Meuse , France
Nov 9, 1918
Swam the Meuse River and reconnoitered German positions under heavy fire
Henry Johnson
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Argonne Forest , France
May 14, 1918
Repelled a 24-man German raiding party; suffered 21 wounds. Medal awarded posthumously in 2015.
James E. Karnes
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Estrées , France
Oct 8, 1918
With Calvin Ward , attacked and captured a machine gun nest
Phillip C. Katz
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Eclisfontaine , France
Sep 26, 1918
Rescued a wounded man from under heavy fire
Benjamin Kaufman
Army
E-08 First Sergeant
Forest of Argonne , France
Oct 4, 1918
Although wounded, single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun
John J. Kelly
Marine Corps
E-01 Private
Blanc Mont Ridge , France
Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest under an artillery barrage[ n 1]
Matej Kocak †
Marine Corps
E-05 Sergeant
south of Soissons , France
Jul 18, 1918
Single-handedly silenced a machine gun nest and led a successful attack on a second nest[ n 1]
John C. Latham
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Le Catelet , France
Sep 29, 1918
With Alan L. Eggers and Thomas E. O'Shea , rescued the crew of a disabled tank and protected them from attack all day
Milo Lemert †
Army
E-08 First Sergeant
near Bellicourt , France
Sep 29, 1918
Single-handedly silenced three machine guns, killed while attacking a fourth with another man
Berger Loman
Army
E-01 Private
near Consenvoye , France
Oct 9, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a machine gun
Frank Luke, Jr. †
Air Service
O-01 Second Lieutenant
near Murvaux , France
Sep 29, 1918
Destroyed three observation balloons before being forced to land because of mortal wounds
Alexander G. Lyle
Navy
O-04 Lieutenant Commander
France
Apr 23, 1918
Exposed himself to hostile fire to treat a wounded man
John MacKenzie
Navy
E-07 Chief Boatswain's Mate
USS Remlik (SP-157) in the Bay of Biscay
Dec 17, 1917
Secured a live depth charge
James J. Madison
Naval Reserve
O-04 Lieutenant Commander
USS Ticonderoga
Sep 30, 1918
Continued to lead his ship after being severely wounded during a U-boat attack
George H. Mallon
Army
O-03 Captain
Bois-de-Forges , France
Sep 26, 1918
Led a small group in the capture of a series of German positions
Sidney E. Manning
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Breuvannes , France
Jul 28, 1918
Took command of his platoon and, although repeatedly wounded, led his men forward
Patrick McGunigal
Navy
E-06 Shipfitter First class
USS Huntington
Sep 17, 1917
Rescued the pilot of a crashed observation balloon
George G. McMurtry
Army
O-03 Captain
Charlevaux , France
Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 8, 1918
As part of the Lost Battalion , continued to lead and encourage his men despite being repeatedly wounded
James I. Mestrovitch †
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Fismette , France
Aug 10, 1918
Rescued a wounded officer from under heavy fire
—
L. Wardlaw Miles
Army
O-03 Captain
near Revillon , France
Sep 14, 1918
Led an attack against a German trench and continued to lead after being severely wounded
Oscar F. Miller †
Army
O-04 Major
near Gesnes , France
Sep 28, 1918
Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded, later died of his wounds
—
Sterling L. Morelock
Army
E-01 Private
near Exermont , France
Oct 4, 1918
Led a small group in capturing a series of machine gun nests and then treated the wounded
Thomas C. Neibaur
Army
E-01 Private
near Landres-et-Saint-Georges , France
Oct 16, 1918
Although wounded and cut off from his unit, helped hold off a German counterattack
Richard W. O'Neill
Army
E-05 Sergeant
on the Ourcq River , France
Jul 30, 1918
Continued to lead an attack despite being repeatedly wounded
—
Francis E. Ormsbee, Jr.
Navy
E-07 Chief Machinist's Mate
near the Naval Air Station , Pensacola, Florida
Sep 25, 1918
Rescued the gunner of a downed plane, tried unsuccessfully to rescue the pilot
Weedon E. Osborne †
Navy
O-02 Lieutenant, Junior Grade
Bouresches , France
Jun 6, 1918
Killed while rescuing wounded men from under heavy fire
Thomas E. O'Shea †
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Le Catelet , France
Sep 29, 1918
Killed while attempting to rescue the crew of a disabled tank along with J.C. Latham and Alan L. Eggers
Samuel I. Parker
Army
O-01 Second Lieutenant
near Soissons , France
Jul 18, 1918 – Jul 19, 1918
Led an attack which captured a German strong point, continued to lead after being wounded
Archie A. Peck
Army
E-01 Private
Forest of Argonne , France
Oct 6, 1918
Rescued two wounded men from under heavy fire
Michael J. Perkins †
Army
E-02 Private First Class
Belleu Bois, France
Oct 27, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a pillbox
Orlando H. Petty
Naval Reserve
O-03 Lieutenant
Bois-de-Belleau , France
Jun 11, 1918
Tended the wounded despite artillery and gas attacks, even after his gas mask was rendered useless
Emory Jenison Pike †
Army
O-05 Lieutenant Colonel
near Vandières , France
Sep 15, 1918
Continued to lead after being mortally wounded while aiding an injured soldier
Thomas A. Pope
Army
E-04 Corporal
Hamel , France
Jul 4, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest
John H. Pruitt †
Marine Corps
E-04 Corporal
Blanc Mont Ridge , France
Oct 3, 1918
Single-handedly captured two machine guns and forty prisoners[ n 1]
Patrick Regan
Army
O-01 Second Lieutenant
Bois-de-Consenvoye , France
Oct 8, 1918
Led his platoon in the capture of a machine gun nest and continued to lead after being wounded
Edward V. Rickenbacker
Air Service
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Billy-sous-les-Côtes , France
Sep 25, 1918
Attacked seven German planes, shooting down two
George S. Robb
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Séchault , France
Sep 29, 1918 – Sep 30, 1918
Continued to lead despite being repeatedly wounded
—
Harold W. Roberts †
Army
E-04 Corporal
Montrebeau Woods, France
Oct 4, 1918
Drowned after pushing another man to safety when their tank fell into a water-filled shell hole
Robert G. Robinson
Marine Corps
E-07 Gunnery Sergeant
over Pittem , Belgium
Oct 8, 1918 and Oct 14, 1918
Continued to fire his weapon after being severely wounded in an aerial battle against twelve German planes
Samuel M. Sampler
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun nest
Willie Sandlin
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Bois-de-Forges , France
Sep 26, 1918
Single-handedly attacked three machine gun nests
William Sawelson †
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Grandpré, Ardennes , France
Oct 26, 1918
Killed while aiding a wounded man under heavy fire
—
Dwite H. Schaffner
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near St. Hubert's Pavilion, Boureuilles , France
Sep 28, 1918
Led his men in a defense against German counterattacks, personally captured a German officer and extracted information from him
Oscar Schmidt, Jr.
Navy
E-07 Chief Gunner's Mate
USS Chestnut Hill
Oct 9, 1918
Rescued a wounded man from the water and attempted to rescue another
Lloyd M. Seibert
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Épinonville , France
Sep 26, 1918
Although ill, led his men in an attack on a machine gun and continued to lead after being wounded
William Shemin
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Vesle River, southeast of Bazoches , France
Aug 7, 1918 – Aug 9, 1918
Rescued the wounded from under heavy fire and took command of his platoon after his superiors became casualties. Medal awarded posthumously in 2015.
—
John O. Siegel
Navy
E-05 Boatswain's Mate Second Class
Mohawk (YT-17)
Nov 1, 1918
Rescued two men from a burning vessel before being trapped and collapsing from the smoke
Alexander R. Skinker †
Army
O-03 Captain
Cheppy , France
Sep 26, 1918
Killed while leading two other men in an attack on German pillboxes
Clayton K. Slack
Army
E-01 Private
near Consenvoye , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a group of German soldiers
Fred E. Smith †
Army
O-05 Lieutenant Colonel
near Binarville , France
Sep 29, 1918
Drew German fire onto himself so his men could find cover, retrieved a supply of grenades and was mortally wounded while planning a counterattack
Fred W. Stockham †
Marine Corps
E-07 Gunnery Sergeant
Bois-de-Belleau , France
June 13, 1918 – Jun 14, 1918
Gave his gas mask to a wounded comrade, later died of poison gas exposure
—
Freddie Stowers †
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles , France
Sep 28, 1918
Led an attack on German positions and continued to lead after being mortally wounded
Daniel A. J. Sullivan
Naval Reserve
O-01 Ensign
USS Christabel
May 21, 1918
Secured a group of live depth charges
Ralph Talbot †
Marine Corps
O-01 Second Lieutenant
over Pittem , Belgium
Oct 8, 1918 and Oct 14, 1918
With gunner Robert G. Robinson , shot down one plane in an aerial battle against twelve German aircraft
Edward R. Talley
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Ponchaux , France
Oct 7, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and silenced a machine gun
Joseph H. Thompson
Army
O-04 Major
near Apremont , France
Oct 1, 1918
Guided a tank towards a German machine gun nest on foot, despite intense fire
—
Harold L. Turner
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes , France
Oct 8, 1918
Single-handedly attacked and captured a German strong point
William B. Turner †
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
near Ronssoy , France
Sep 27, 1918
Killed while leading his men in a series of attacks despite being wounded
—
Frank M. Upton
Navy
O-01 Ensign
USS Stewart
Apr 17, 1918
Dove overboard and rescued a man who was surrounded by boxes of explosives
Michael Valente
Army
E-01 Private
east of Ronssoy , France
Sep 29, 1918
With another man, silenced two machine gun nests and attacked a German trench
Ludovicus M. M. Van Iersel
Army
E-05 Sergeant
Mouzon , France
Nov 9, 1918
Under heavy fire, reconnoitered a damaged bridge and swam the river to investigate German positions
John C. Villepigue
Army
E-04 Corporal
Vaux-Andigny , France
Oct 15, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a dugout and captured a machine gun nest
Reidar Waaler
Army
E-05 Sergeant
near Ronssoy , France
Sep 27, 1918
Rescued two men from a burning tank under heavy fire
Calvin J. Ward
Army
E-01 Private
near Estrées , France
Oct 8, 1918
With James Karnes , attacked and captured a machine gun nest
—
Chester H. West
Army
E-08 First Sergeant
near Bois-de-Cheppy , France
Sep 26, 1918
Single-handedly attacked a machine gun nest
Charles W. Whittlesey
Army
O-04 Major
northeast of Binarville , France
Oct 2, 1918 – Oct 7, 1918
As commander of the Lost Battalion , led his unit in holding their position and refused to surrender
J. Hunter Wickersham †
Army
O-01 Second Lieutenant
near Limey , France
Sep 12, 1918
Continued to lead and fight after being mortally wounded
—
Nels Wold †
Army
E-01 Private
near Cheppy , France
Sep 26, 1918
With another soldier, silenced four machine gun nests, killed while attacking a fifth
Samuel Woodfill
Army
O-02 First Lieutenant
Cunel , France
Oct 12, 1918
Supported by his company, attacked and silenced three machine gun nests
Alvin C. York
Army
E-04 Corporal
near Chatel-Chéhéry , France
Oct 8, 1918
Took command of his platoon and led an attack on a machine gun nest
See also
^ a b c d e Received both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action; one of nineteen people to receive two Medals of Honor
^ Served under the name Charles F. Hoffman
References
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History .
General
Inline
^ Willmott 2003 , p. 10
^ Willmott 2003 , p. 307
^ Spencer Tucker; Laura Matysek Wood; Justin D. Murphy (1999). The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7 . Retrieved August 21, 2009 .
^ Brands 1997 , p. 756
^ Barker, Ralph (2002). The Royal Flying Corps in World War I . Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-470-7 .
^ "A Brief History — The Medal of Honor" . Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) . Department of Defense. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010 .
^ Owens 2004 , pp. 95–98
^ "Medal of Honor statistics" . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2009 .
^ "Double Recipients" . Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2009-09-09 .
^ Owens 2004 , p. 94
^ "History of the Medal of Honor" . Congressional Medal of Honor Society. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28. Retrieved 2009-09-09 .
^ "Medal of Honor recipients: World War I" . United States Army Center of Military History . June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on October 18, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2009 .