Gottfredson was born in San Francisco in 1947. She is a third generation university faculty member. Her father, Jack A. Howarth (died 2006), was a faculty member at U.C. Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, as was his father.[1][2] Gottfredson initially majored in biology, but later transferred to psychology with her first husband, Gary Don Gottfredson. In 1969, she received a bachelor's degree in psychology from University of California, Berkeley.[3] She worked in the Peace Corps in Malaysia.[4] Gottfredson and her husband went to graduate school at Johns Hopkins University, where she received a Ph.D. in sociology in 1977.[3]
Academic work
Gottfredson took a position at Hopkins' Center for Social Organization of Schools and investigated issues of occupational segregation and typology based on skill sets and intellectual capacity. She married Robert A. Gordon, who worked in a related area at Hopkins, and they divorced by the mid-1990s.[5][6]
In 1985, Gottfredson participated in a conference called "The g Factor in Employment Testing". The papers presented were published in the December 1986 issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior, which she edited. In 1986, Gottfredson was appointed associate professor of Educational Studies at the University of Delaware, Newark.
That year, she presented a series of papers on general intelligence factor and employment, including some criticizing the use of different curves for candidates of different races.[8] Gottfredson has said:
We now have out there what I call the egalitarian fiction that all groups are equal in intelligence. We have social policy based on that fiction. For example, the 1991 Civil Rights Act codified Griggs vs. Duke Power, which said that if you have disproportionate hiring by race, you are prima facie -- that's prima facie evidence of racial discrimination. ...Differences in intelligence have real world effects, whether we think they're there or not, whether we want to wish them away or not. And we don't do anybody any good, certainly not the low-IQ people, by denying that those problems exist.[9]
While an assistant professor of Educational Studies in the late 1980s, Gottfredson applied for and received three grants from the Pioneer Fund, which was created to promote scientific racism and eugenics,[10][11] and which many scholars continue to view as openly white supremacist in nature.[12][13][14] She was promoted to full professor at the University of Delaware in 1990.[15] That year, her fourth grant application to the Pioneer Fund was rejected by the board of the university, which said the funding would undermine their university's policy of affirmative action.[11] Gottfredson challenged the ruling with assistance from the Center for Individual Rights and the American Association of University Professors.[16] In 1992, after two and a half years of debate and protest, the university administration reached a settlement that once again allowed Gottfredson and Jan Blits to continue receiving research funding from the Pioneer Fund.[11][17] The arbitrator of the case held that the university's research committee had violated its own standards of review by looking at the content of Gottfredson's research and that Gottfredson had a right to academic freedom that public perceptions alone did not suffice to overcome.[18][19][20][21]
Views and criticisms
Gottfredson has been very critical of psychologist Robert Sternberg's work on the triarchic theory of intelligence, arguing that Sternberg has not demonstrated a distinction between practical intelligence and the analytical intelligence measured by IQ tests.[22]
Gottfredson has received research grants worth $267,000 from the Pioneer Fund, an organization described as racist and white supremacist.[23][24][25][26] She has defended the work of J. Philippe Rushton, who served as president of the Pioneer Fund and whose research focused on a purported correlation between race and intelligence.[27] The University of Delaware unsuccessfully sought to block Gottfredson from receiving Pioneer Fund grants before reaching a legal settlement with her in 1992.[28][24]
^ abWainer, Howard; Robinson, Daniel (November 11, 2007). "Interview of Linda S. Gottfredson"(PDF). Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (in press). Retrieved March 26, 2019.
Diane B. Paul (Winter 2003). "The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund (review)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 77 (4): 972–974. doi:10.1353/bhm.2003.0186. S2CID58477478.
^Gottfredson, Linda S. (July 2013). "Resolute ignorance on race and Rushton". Personality and Individual Differences. 55 (3): 218–23. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.021.
