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Jazz dance

Jazz dance is a performance dance and style that arose in the United States in the early 20th century.[1][2] Jazz Dance may allude to vernacular Jazz, Broadway or dramatic Jazz. The two types expand on African American vernacular styles of dance that arose with Jazz Music. Vernacular dance refers to dance forms that emerge from everyday life and cultural practices of a specific community, often reflecting the social, cultural, and historical contexts of that community. In the context of African American culture, vernacular dance encompasses styles that developed organically within African American communities, influenced by African traditions, European dance forms, and the unique experiences of African Americans in the United States.[3]

Vernacular Jazz Dance incorporates ragtime moves, Charleston, Lindy hop and mambo. Popular vernacular Jazz Dance performers include The Whitman Sisters, Florence Mills, Ethel Waters, Al Minns and Leon James, Frankie Manning, Norma Miller, Dawn Hampton, and Katherine Dunham. Dramatic jazz dance performed on the show stage was promoted by Jack Cole, Bob Fosse, Eugene Louis Faccuito, and Gus Giordano.

The term "Jazz Dance" has been used in ways that have little or nothing to do with jazz music. Since the 1940s, Hollywood movies and Broadway shows have used the term to describe the choreographies of Bob Fosse and Jerome Robbins. In the 1990s, colleges and universities applied to the term to classes offered by physical education departments in which students dance to various forms of pop music, rarely jazz.[4]

Swing Dancing

In 1917, Jazz pianist Spencer Williams wrote a song called "Shim-Me-Sha-Wabble" which inspired a jazz dance called the shimmy. The shimmy is done by holding the body still "except for the shoulders, which are quickly alternated back and forth". The dances that emerged during this period were the Charleston and the Lindy hop.The Charleston is "characterized by its toes-in, heels-out twisting steps".[5] It can be done as a solo or with any number of people.

The Lindy hop was a wild and spontaneous partner dance that was extremely rhythmically conscious. When the Great Depression began in October 1929, many people turned to dance. Because of this, the Aubrielle and the Lindy hop are now considered to be under the umbrella term "swing dance stylized, continuously flowing movements that developed the technique and style for the combinations that followed".[1] Cole's style has been called hip, hard, and cool".[6] Fosse combined "vaudeville, striptease, magic shows, nightclubs, film and Broadway musicals".[7]

The Charleston

A couple dances the Charleston.

The Charleston is a dynamic dance that emerged in the early 20th century, named after the harbor city of Charleston, South Carolina. The Charleston incorporated hand clapping, broad movements, and foot stamping, which were directly linked to the African origins of The Juba, a dance that originated from the Kongo.[8]

Its popularity surged in the 1920s, particularly following the release of the 1923 song "The Charleston," composed by James P. Johnson for the Broadway show Runnin' Wild.[9] The dance reached its peak between 1926 and 1927, captivating audiences with its energetic and lively movements. The introduction of “The Charleston” in the 1920s evolved Jazz Dance because it could be done alone. At the time, ballroom dance was the norm and required the accompaniment of a partner.

Pop music and television

Alvin Ailey Dance Theater

Contemporary jazz became well known because of its television shows unlike So You Think You Can Dance. Mia Michaels's earlier work exemplifies this style. Some other companies and choreographers that create contemporary jazz dance are Sonya Tayeh, Mandy Moore, and Hubbard Street Dance Chicago. Commercial jazz, which has been popular since the 1980s, combines aspects of hip hop and jazz and is often done to pop music. This style can be seen in the music videos of Janet Jackson and Paula Abdul. Commercial jazz often includes more "tricks." Commercial jazz and contemporary jazz are both seen at dance competitions. Another variety of jazz is Latin jazz. "Maria Torres developed and popularized the fusion at Broadway Dance Center".[10] Latin jazz has an emphasis on the movement of hips and isolations. It can be seen in the films El Cantante and Dance with Me, as well as on TV dance shows.

Jazz Dance appeared throughout the 20th century and is observable through the media. For example, movies like "A Chorus Line" and "Saturday Night Fever"  helped re-popularize Jazz Dance and added new styles and combinations. In the 1980s, MTV revolutionized dance by showcasing high-energy music videos that combined various styles, including jazz, ballet, and street dance.[11] Michael Jackson, a black artist, popularized moonwalking after performing it on stage in 1983. Moonwalking is when the performer glides backward while appearing to the audience as they walk forward.[11]

Dancers, directors, choreographers

  • Jack Cole influenced Matt Mattox, Bob Fosse, Jerome Robbins, and Gwen Verdon, and is credited with popularizing the theatrical form of jazz dance with his great number of choreographic works on television and Broadway.[12]
  • Katherine Dunham is an anthropologist, choreographer, and pioneer in black theatrical dance who introduced isolations Jazz Dance. She notable Black Jazz Dancer and director is Katherine Dunham. She created the Dunham technique, characterized by simple lines, torsos that move in different ways, and a greater variety of tempos and rhythms than most other Western dance styles of that time. In 1944, she opened the K.D. School of Arts and Research in Isadora Duncan's former studio in New York, followed by the Dunham School in 1945, where notable artists like Marlon Brando and James Dean studied.[13][14]
  • Eugene Louis Faccuito also known as Luigi, was an American jazz dancer, teacher, choreographer, and creator of the first codified jazz technique, the Luigi Technique.[1]
  • Bob Fosse, choreographer and film director, revolutionized jazz dance with his sexually suggestive movements. His choreography is very recognizable and can be found in the musicals and films that he has choreographed, such as Cabaret and Chicago.
  • Gus Giordano was a jazz dancer and choreographer in Chicago known for his clean, precise movement.
  • Patsy Swayze, choreographer and dance instructor, combined jazz and ballet, founded the Houston Jazz Ballet Company, and served as its director.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Mahoney, Billie (1998). "Jazz Dance". The International Encyclopedia of Dance. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Wren, Celia (11 November 2023). "'The Jazz Continuum' explores Black social dance — from past to present - Choreographer LaTasha Barnes celebrates the decades-spanning ties between manifestations of Black artistry in music and dance". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
  3. ^ "Hot Feet and Social Change: African Dance and Diaspora Communities". OUP Academic. 1 November 2019. doi:10.5622/illinoi.
  4. ^ Gabbard, Krin (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries. p. 172. ISBN 1-56159-284-6.
  5. ^ "Charleston | dance". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  6. ^ Levine, Debra. "Jack Cole" (PDF). Dance Heritage Coalition. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  7. ^ Clayton, Audrey. "How Jazz Works". www.howjazzworks.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
  8. ^ Africanisms in American culture. Internet Archive. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-253-34479-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ "James P. Johnson: From "Carolina Shout" To "The Charleston"". Sound American. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  10. ^ "The Jazz Breakdown". Dance Spirit. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  11. ^ a b Nalett, Jacqueline (2005). "History of Jazz Dance" (PDF). McGraw Hill.
  12. ^ "100 Treasures - Jack Cole". www.danceheritage.org. Archived from the original on 26 March 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  13. ^ "The Katherine Dunham Centers for Arts and Humanities". The Katherine Dunham Centers for Arts and Humanities. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  14. ^ "Katherine Dunham: A Life in Dance | Articles and Essays | Selections from the Katherine Dunham Collection | Digital Collections | Library of Congress". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 24 November 2024.
  15. ^ Nelson, Valerie J. (15 September 2009). "Patrick Swayze dies at 57; star of the blockbuster films 'Dirty Dancing' and 'Ghost'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.

Bibliography

  • Bailey, A. Peter. Revelations: The Autobiography of Alvin Ailey. Carol Publishing Group, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8065-1861-9
  • Carter, Curtis. "Improvisation in Dance". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 58, No. 2, p. 181–90. jstor.org
  • Cohan, Robert. The Dance Workshop. Gaia Books, 1989. ISBN 978-0-04-790010-5
  • Crease, Robert. Divine Frivolity: Hollywood Representations of the Lindy Hop, 1937–1942. In Representing Jazz. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
  • Dunning, Jennifer. Alvin Ailey: A Life in Dance. Da Capo Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-306-80825-8
  • Reid, Molly. New Orleans: A Haven for Swing Dance Beginners, Professionals. The Times-Picayune. 21 January 2010
  • Seguin, Eliane Histoire de la danse jazz. Editions Chiron, 2003. ISBN 978-2-7027-0782-1
  • Torbert, Margot L. Teaching Dance Jazz. Margot Torbert, 2000. ISBN 978-0-9764071-0-2
  • Nalett, J., Kraines, M. G., & Pryor, E. (n.d.). History of jazz dance. In Jump Into Jazz (Fifth).
  • Jackson, Jonathan David. “Improvisation in African-American Vernacular Dancing.” Dance Research Journal 33, no. 2 (2001): 40–53.
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