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Grape seed oil

Not to be confused with rapeseed oil.
Grape seed oil
Grape seed oil in clear glass vial
Fat composition
Saturated fats
Total saturatedPalmitic: 7%
Stearic: 4%
Unsaturated fats
Total unsaturated86%
Monounsaturated16.1%
Palmitoleic acid<1%
Oleic acid15.8%
Polyunsaturated69.9%
Omega−3 fatty acidsα-Linolenic: 0.1%
Omega−6 fatty acidsLinoleic: 69.6%
Properties
Food energy per 100 g (3.5 oz)3,700 kJ (880 kcal)
Smoke point216 °C (421 °F)
Iodine value124-143
Saponification value126 (NaOH)
180-196 (KOH)
Unsaponifiable0.3% - 1.6%
Peroxide value2.92 mequiv/kg

Grape seed oil (also called grapeseed oil or grape oil) is a vegetable oil derived from the seeds of grapes. Grape seeds are a winemaking by-product, and oil made from the seeds is commonly used as an edible oil.[1][2]

Uses

Cooking oil

Grape seed oil has a moderately high smoke point of approximately 216 °C (421 °F). The oil has a light taste and a high polyunsaturated fat content, making it suitable for use in salad dressings, mayonnaise and as a base for oil infusions of garlic, rosemary, or other herbs or spices. It is widely used in baked goods, pancakes, and waffles. It is sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.[2]

Other uses

  • Massage oil
  • Cosmetic products
  • Haircare products

Research

Further information: Grape seed extract

A study of 21 grape cultivars showed variation of oil composition, especially for linoleic acid and tocopherols.[3]

Although grape seeds contain polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins,[4] grape seed oil contains negligible amounts of these compounds.[5] Grape seed oil components are under study for their potential applications in human health, but the scientific quality of clinical research as of 2016 has been inadequate to suggest any effect on lowering disease risk.[6]

Possible contamination

Grapeseed oil has occasionally been found to contain dangerous levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons because of direct contact with combustion gases during the drying process.[7]

Production

Winemaking accounts for 90% of grape cultivation, with the seeds of the plant serving as a by-product that can be pressed for oil. Grapeseed oil production primarily occurs in wine-growing regions, especially around the Mediterranean Sea.[2]

Composition

Grape seeds (numbers 7 and 8) and grapes

The following table lists a typical fatty acid composition of grape seed oil:[8]

Acid Type Percentage
Linoleic acid ω−6 unsaturated 69.6%
Oleic acid ω−9 unsaturated 15.8%
Palmitic acid
(Hexadecanoic acid) 		Saturated 7%
Stearic acid
(Octadecanoic acid) 		Saturated 4%
Alpha-linolenic acid ω−3 unsaturated 0.1%
Palmitoleic acid
(9-Hexadecenoic acid) 		ω−7 unsaturated less than 1%

Grape seed oil also contains 0.8 to 1.5% unsaponifiables rich in phenols (tocopherols) and steroids (campesterol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol).[9] Grapeseed oil contains small amounts of vitamin E, but safflower oil, cottonseed oil, or rice bran oil contain greater amounts.[10] Grapeseed oil is high in polyunsaturates and low in saturated fat.

Comparison to other vegetable oils

Properties of vegetable oils[11][12]
The nutritional values are expressed as percent (%) by mass of total fat.
Type Processing
treatment[13]		 Saturated
fatty acids		 Monounsaturated
fatty acids		 Polyunsaturated
fatty acids		 Smoke point
Total[11] Oleic
acid
(ω−9)		 Total[11] α-Linolenic
acid
(ω−3)		 Linoleic
acid
(ω−6)		 ω−6:3
ratio
Avocado[14] 11.6 70.6 52–66
[15]		 13.5 1 12.5 12.5:1 250 °C (482 °F)[16]
Brazil nut[17] 24.8 32.7 31.3 42.0 0.1 41.9 419:1 208 °C (406 °F)[18]
Canola[19] 7.4 63.3 61.8 28.1 9.1 18.6 2:1 204 °C (400 °F)[20]
Coconut[21] 82.5 6.3 6 1.7 0.019 1.68 88:1 175 °C (347 °F)[18]
Corn[22] 12.9 27.6 27.3 54.7 1 58 58:1 232 °C (450 °F)[20]
Cottonseed[23] 25.9 17.8 19 51.9 1 54 54:1 216 °C (420 °F)[20]
Cottonseed[24] hydrogenated 93.6 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.5:1
Flaxseed/linseed[25] 9.0 18.4 18 67.8 53 13 0.2:1 107 °C (225 °F)
Grape seed   10.4 14.8 14.3   74.9 0.15 74.7 very high 216 °C (421 °F)[26]
Hemp seed[27] 7.0 9.0 9.0 82.0 22.0 54.0 2.5:1 166 °C (330 °F)[28]
High-oleic safflower oil[29] 7.5 75.2 75.2 12.8 0 12.8 very high 212 °C (414 °F)[18]
Olive (extra virgin)[30] 13.8 73.0 71.3 10.5 0.7 9.8 14:1 193 °C (380 °F)[18]
Palm[31] 49.3 37.0 40 9.3 0.2 9.1 45.5:1 235 °C (455 °F)
Palm[32] hydrogenated 88.2 5.7 0
Peanut[33] 16.2 57.1 55.4 19.9 0.318 19.6 61.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[20]
Rice bran oil 25 38.4 38.4 36.6 2.2 34.4[34] 15.6:1 232 °C (450 °F)[35]
Sesame[36] 14.2 39.7 39.3 41.7 0.3 41.3 138:1
Soybean[37] 15.6 22.8 22.6 57.7 7 51 7.3:1 238 °C (460 °F)[20]
Soybean[38] partially hydrogenated 14.9 43.0 42.5 37.6 2.6 34.9 13.4:1
Sunflower[39] 8.99 63.4 62.9 20.7 0.16 20.5 128:1 227 °C (440 °F)[20]
Walnut oil[40] unrefined 9.1 22.8 22.2 63.3 10.4 52.9 5:1 160 °C (320 °F)[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ Aizpurua-Olaizola, Oier; Ormazabal, Markel; Vallejo, Asier; Olivares, Maitane; Navarro, Patricia; Etxebarria, Nestor; Usobiaga, Aresatz (2015-01-01). "Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Consecutive Extractions of Fatty Acids and Polyphenols from Vitis Vinifera Grape Wastes". Journal of Food Science. 80 (1): E101–E107. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.12715. PMID 25471637.
  2. ^ a b c Bewley, J. Derek; Black, Michael; Halmer, Peter (2006). The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-723-0.
  3. ^ Sabir, A; Unver, A; Kara, Z (2012). "The fatty acid and tocopherol constituents of the seed oil extracted from 21 grape varieties (Vitis spp.)". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 92 (9): 1982–7. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5571. PMID 22271548.
  4. ^ Joshi, SS; Kuszynski C. A.; Bagchi D. (2001). "The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract". Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2 (2): 187–200. doi:10.2174/1389201013378725. PMID 11480422.
  5. ^ Nakamura, Y; Tsuji S; Tonogai Y (2003). "Analysis of proanthocyanidins in grape seed extracts, health foods and grape seed oils" (PDF). Journal of Health Science. 49 (1): 45–54. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.45.
  6. ^ Garavaglia, J; Markoski, M. M.; Oliveira, A; Marcadenti, A (2016). "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 59–64. doi:10.4137/NMI.S32910. PMC 4988453. PMID 27559299.
  7. ^ Moret, S.; Dudine, A.; Conte, L.S. (2000). "Processing effects on the polyaromatic hydrocarbon content of grapeseed oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 77 (12): 1289–1292. doi:10.1007/s11746-000-0203-5. S2CID 97459242.
  8. ^ Kamel, B. S.; Dawson H.; Kakuda Y. (1985). "Characteristics and composition of melon and grape seed oils and cakes". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 62 (5): 881–883. doi:10.1007/BF02541750. S2CID 89786055.
  9. ^ Oomah, BD; Liang J; Godfrey D; Mazza G (1998). "Microwave Heating of Grapeseed: Effect on Oil Quality". J. Agric. Food Chem. 46 (10): 4017–4021. doi:10.1021/jf980412f.
  10. ^ Herting, D. C.; Drury, E. J. E. (1963). "Vitamin E Content of Vegetable Oils and Fats". J. Nutr. 81 (4): 4017–4021. doi:10.1093/jn/81.4.335. PMID 14100992.
  11. ^ a b c "US National Nutrient Database, Release 28". United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. All values in this table are from this database unless otherwise cited or when italicized as the simple arithmetic sum of other component columns.
  12. ^ "Fats and fatty acids contents per 100 g (click for "more details"). Example: Avocado oil (user can search for other oils)". Nutritiondata.com, Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Standard Release 21. 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2017. Values from Nutritiondata.com (SR 21) may need to be reconciled with most recent release from the USDA SR 28 as of Sept 2017.
  13. ^ "USDA Specifications for Vegetable Oil Margarine Effective August 28, 1996" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Avocado oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  15. ^ Ozdemir, Feramuz; Topuz, Ayhan (June 2004). "Changes in dry matter, oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post-harvesting ripening period". Food Chemistry. 86 (1): 79–83. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.012.
  16. ^ Wong M, Requejo-Jackman C, Woolf A (April 2010). "What is unrefined, extra virgin cold-pressed avocado oil?". Aocs.org. The American Oil Chemists' Society. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  17. ^ "Brazil nut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d Katragadda, Harinageswara Rao; Fullana, Andrés; Sidhu, Sukh; Carbonell-Barrachina, Ángel A. (May 2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  19. ^ "Canola oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Wolke RL (May 16, 2007). "Where There's Smoke, There's a Fryer". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  21. ^ "Coconut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Corn oil, industrial and retail, all purpose salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  23. ^ "Cottonseed oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  24. ^ "Cottonseed oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  25. ^ "Linseed/Flaxseed oil, cold pressed, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  26. ^ Garavaglia J, Markoski MM, Oliveira A, Marcadenti A (2016). "Grape Seed Oil Compounds: Biological and Chemical Actions for Health". Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 59–64. doi:10.4137/NMI.S32910. PMC 4988453. PMID 27559299.
  27. ^ Callaway, James; Schwab, Ursula; Harvima, Ilkka; Halonen, Pirjo; Mykkänen, Otto; Hyvönen, Pekka; Järvinen, Tomi (April 2005). "Efficacy of dietary hempseed oil in patients with atopic dermatitis". Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 16 (2): 87–94. doi:10.1080/09546630510035832. PMID 16019622.
  28. ^ Melina V. "Smoke points of oils" (PDF). veghealth.com. The Vegetarian Health Institute.
  29. ^ "Safflower oil, salad or cooking, high oleic, primary commerce, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  30. ^ "Olive oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  31. ^ "Palm oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  32. ^ "Palm oil, industrial, fully hydrogenated, filling fat, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  33. ^ "Oil, peanut". FoodData Central. usda.gov.
  34. ^ Orthoefer, Frank T. (2020). "Rice Bran Oil". Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. pp. 1–25. doi:10.1002/047167849X.bio015.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-38460-1.
  35. ^ "Rice bran oil". RITO Partnership. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  36. ^ "Oil, sesame, salad or cooking". FoodData Central. fdc.nal.usda.gov. 1 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  38. ^ "Soybean oil, salad or cooking, (partially hydrogenated), fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, Release 28, United States Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  39. ^ "FoodData Central". fdc.nal.usda.gov.
  40. ^ "Walnut oil, fat composition, 100 g". US National Nutrient Database, United States Department of Agriculture.
  41. ^ "Smoke Point of Oils". Baseline of Health. Jonbarron.org.
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