Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

 

GitHub

Not to be confused with Git or GitLab.

GitHub.com
GitHub Invertocat logo
Type of businessSubsidiary
Type of site
Collaborative version control
Available inEnglish
FoundedFebruary 8, 2008
(16 years ago) (2008-02-08) (as Logical Awesome LLC)[1]
HeadquartersSan Francisco, California, U.S.
Area servedWorldwide
Founder(s)
Key people
  • Thomas Dohmke (CEO)
  • Mike Taylor (CFO)
  • Kyle Daigle (COO)
Industry
RevenueIncrease $1 billion (2022)[2]
Employees5,595[3]
ParentMicrosoft (2018–present)
URLgithub.com
RegistrationOptional (required for creating and joining repositories)
Users100 million (as of January 2023)
LaunchedApril 10, 2008; 16 years ago (2008-04-10)
Current statusActive
Written in
ASN36459 Edit this at Wikidata

GitHub (/ˈɡɪthʌb/) is a developer platform that allows developers to create, store, manage, and share their code. It uses Git software, which provides distributed version control of access control, bug tracking, software feature requests, task management, continuous integration, and wikis for every project.[6] Headquartered in California, it has been a subsidiary of Microsoft since 2018.[7]

It is commonly used to host open source software development projects.[8] As of January 2023, GitHub reported having over 100 million developers[9] and more than 420 million repositories,[10] including at least 28 million public repositories.[11] It is the world's largest source code host as of June 2023. Over five billion developer contributions were made to more than 500 million open source projects in 2024.[12]

About

Founding

The development of the GitHub platform began on October 19, 2007.[13][14][15] The site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon after it had been available for a few months as a beta release.[16] Its name was chosen as a compound of Git and hub.[17]

Structure of the organization

GitHub, Inc. was originally a flat organization with no middle managers, instead relying on self-management.[18] Employees could choose to work on projects that interested them (open allocation), but the chief executive set salaries.[19]

In 2014, the company added a layer of middle management in response to serious harassment allegations against its senior leadership. As a result of the scandal, Tom Preston-Werner resigned from his position as CEO.[20] Co-founder and Product lead, Chris Wanstrath, became CEO. Julio Avalos, then General Counsel and Administrative Officer, assumed control over GitHub's business operations and day-to-day management.[21]

Finance

GitHub was a bootstrapped start-up business, which in its first years provided enough revenue to be funded solely by its three founders and start taking on employees.[22]

In July 2012, four years after the company was founded, Andreessen Horowitz invested $100 million in venture capital[6] with a $750 million valuation.[23]

In July 2015 GitHub raised another $250 million (~$314 million in 2023) of venture capital in a series B round. The lead investor was Sequoia Capital, and other investors were Andreessen Horowitz, Thrive Capital, IVP (Institutional Venture Partners) and other venture capital funds.[24][25] The company was then valued at approximately $2 billion.[26]

As of 2023, GitHub was estimated to generate $1 billion in revenue.[2]

History

The GitHub service was developed by Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett, Tom Preston-Werner, and Scott Chacon using Ruby on Rails, and started in February 2008. The company, GitHub, Inc., was formed in 2007 and is located in San Francisco.[27]

GitHub at AWS Summit
The shading of the map illustrates the number of users as a proportion of each country's Internet population. The circular charts surrounding the two hemispheres depict the total number of GitHub users (left) and commits (right) per country.

On February 24, 2009, GitHub announced that within the first year of being online, GitHub had accumulated over 46,000 public repositories, 17,000 of which were formed in the previous month. At that time, about 6,200 repositories had been forked at least once, and 4,600 had been merged.

That same year, the site was used by over 100,000 users, according to GitHub,[28] and had grown to host 90,000 unique public repositories, 12,000 having been forked at least once, for a total of 135,000 repositories.[29]

In 2010, GitHub was hosting 1 million repositories.[30] A year later, this number doubled.[31] ReadWriteWeb reported that GitHub had surpassed SourceForge and Google Code in total number of commits for the period of January to May 2011.[32] On January 16, 2013, GitHub passed the 3 million users mark and was then hosting more than 5 million repositories.[33] By the end of the year, the number of repositories was twice as great, reaching 10 million repositories.[34]

In 2015, GitHub opened an office in Japan, its first outside of the U.S.[35]

On February 28, 2018, GitHub fell victim to the third-largest distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack in history, with incoming traffic reaching a peak of about 1.35 terabits per second.[36]

On June 19, 2018, GitHub expanded its GitHub Education by offering free education bundles to all schools.[37][38]

Acquisition by Microsoft

Microsoft was on top of the list of the ten organizations with the most open-source contributors on GitHub in 2016.[39]

From 2012, Microsoft became a significant user of GitHub, using it to host open-source projects and development tools such as .NET Core, Chakra Core, MSBuild, PowerShell, PowerToys, Visual Studio Code, Windows Calculator, Windows Terminal and the bulk of its product documentation (now to be found on Microsoft Docs).[40][41]

On June 4, 2018, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire GitHub for US$7.5 billion (~$8.96 billion in 2023). The deal closed on October 26, 2018.[42] GitHub continued to operate independently as a community, platform and business.[43] Under Microsoft, the service was led by Xamarin's Nat Friedman, reporting to Scott Guthrie, executive vice president of Microsoft Cloud and AI. Nat Friedman resigned November 3, 2021; he was replaced by Thomas Dohmke.[44]

There have been concerns from developers Kyle Simpson, JavaScript trainer and author, and Rafael Laguna, CEO at Open-Xchange over Microsoft's purchase, citing uneasiness over Microsoft's handling of previous acquisitions, such as Nokia's mobile business and Skype.[45][46]

This acquisition was in line with Microsoft's business strategy under CEO Satya Nadella, which has seen a larger focus on cloud computing services, alongside the development of and contributions to open-source software.[7][41][47] Harvard Business Review argued that Microsoft was intending to acquire GitHub to get access to its user base, so it can be used as a loss leader to encourage the use of its other development products and services.[48]

Concerns over the sale bolstered interest in competitors: Bitbucket (owned by Atlassian), GitLab and SourceForge (owned by BIZX, LLC) reported that they had seen spikes in new users intending to migrate projects from GitHub to their respective services.[49][50][51][52][53]

In September 2019, GitHub acquired Semmle, a code analysis tool.[54] In February 2020, GitHub launched in India under the name GitHub India Private Limited.[55] In March 2020, GitHub announced that it was acquiring npm, a JavaScript packaging vendor, for an undisclosed sum of money.[56] The deal was closed on April 15, 2020.[57]

In early July 2020, the GitHub Archive Program was established to archive its open-source code in perpetuity.[58]

Mascot

GitHub's mascot is an anthropomorphized "octocat" with five octopus-like arms.[59][60] The character was created by graphic designer Simon Oxley as clip art to sell on iStock,[61] a website that enables designers to market royalty-free digital images. The illustration GitHub chose was a character that Oxley had named Octopuss.[61] Since GitHub wanted Octopuss for their logo (a use that the iStock license disallows), they negotiated with Oxley to buy exclusive rights to the image.[61]

GitHub renamed Octopuss to Octocat,[61] and trademarked the character along with the new name.[59] Later, GitHub hired illustrator Cameron McEfee to adapt Octocat for different purposes on the website and promotional materials; McEfee and various GitHub users have since created hundreds of variations of the character, which are available on The Octodex.[62][63]

Services

Projects on GitHub can be accessed and managed using the standard Git command-line interface; all standard Git commands work with it. GitHub also allows users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins are also available. In addition, the site provides social networking-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis (using wiki software called Gollum), and a social network graph to display how developers work on their versions ("forks") of a repository and what fork (and branch within that fork) is newest.

Anyone can browse and download public repositories, but only registered users can contribute content to repositories. With a registered user account, users can have discussions, manage repositories, submit contributions to others' repositories, and review changes to code. GitHub began offering limited private repositories at no cost in January 2019 (limited to three contributors per project). Previously, only public repositories were free.[64][65][66] On April 14, 2020, GitHub made "all of the core GitHub features" free for everyone, including "private repositories with unlimited collaborators."[67]

The fundamental software that underpins GitHub is Git itself, written by Linus Torvalds, creator of Linux. The additional software that provides the GitHub user interface was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Wanstrath,[68] Hyett, and Preston-Werner.

Scope

The primary purpose of GitHub is to facilitate the version control and issue tracking aspects of software development. Labels, milestones, responsibility assignment, and a search engine are available for issue tracking. For version control, Git (and, by extension, GitHub) allows pull requests to propose changes to the source code. Users who can review the proposed changes can see a diff between the requested changes and approve them. In Git terminology, this action is called "committing" and one instance of it is a "commit." A history of all commits is kept and can be viewed at a later time.

In addition, GitHub supports the following formats and features:

  • Documentation,[69] including automatically rendered README files in a variety of Markdown-like file formats (see README § On GitHub)
  • Wikis,[70] with some repositories consisting solely of wiki content. These include curated lists of recommended software which have become known as awesome lists.[71][72]
  • GitHub Actions,[73] which allows building continuous integration and continuous deployment pipelines for testing, releasing and deploying software without the use of third-party websites/platforms
  • GitHub Codespaces, an online IDE providing users with a virtual machine intended to be a work environment to build and test code[74][75][76]
  • Graphs: pulse, contributors, commits, code frequency, punch card, network, members
  • Integrations Directory[77]
  • Email notifications[78]
  • Discussions[79]
  • Option to subscribe someone to notifications by @ mentioning them.[80]
  • Emojis[81]
  • Nested task-lists within files
  • Visualization of geospatial data
  • 3D render files can be previewed using an integrated STL file viewer that displays the files on a "3D canvas."[82] The viewer is powered by WebGL and Three.js.
  • Support for previewing many common image formats, including Photoshop's PSD files
  • PDF document viewer
  • Security Alerts of known Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures in different packages

GitHub's Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition. The terms of service state, "By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view and fork your repositories."[83]

GitHub Enterprise

GitHub Enterprise is a self-managed version of GitHub with similar functionality. It can be run on an organization's hardware or a cloud provider and has been available as of November 2011.[84] In November 2020, source code for GitHub Enterprise Server was leaked online in an apparent protest against DMCA takedown of youtube-dl. According to GitHub, the source code came from GitHub accidentally sharing the code with Enterprise customers themselves, not from an attack on GitHub servers.[85][86]

GitHub Pages

In 2008, GitHub introduced GitHub Pages, a static web hosting service for blogs, project documentation,[87][88] and books.[89] All GitHub Pages content is stored in a Git repository as files served to visitors verbatim or in Markdown format. GitHub is integrated with Jekyll static website and blog generator and GitHub continuous integration pipelines. Each time the content source is updated, Jekyll regenerates the website and automatically serves it via GitHub Pages infrastructure.[90]

Like the rest of GitHub, it includes free and paid service tiers. Websites generated through this service are hosted either as subdomains of the github.io domain or can be connected to custom domains bought through a third-party domain name registrar.[91] GitHub Pages supports HTTPS encryption.[92][93]

Gist

GitHub also operates a pastebin-style site called Gist, which is for code snippets, as opposed to GitHub proper, which is usually used for larger projects.[16] Tom Preston-Werner débuted the feature at a Ruby conference in 2008.[94]

Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and TLS encryption for private pastes. Because each "gist" is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single page, and they can be pushed and pulled using Git.[95]

Unregistered users could upload Gists until March 19, 2018, when uploading Gists was restricted to logged-in users, reportedly to mitigate spamming on the page of recent Gists.[96]

Gists' URLs use hexadecimal IDs, and edits to Gists are recorded in a revision history, which can show the text difference of thirty revisions per page with an option between a "split" and "unified" view. Like repositories, Gists can be forked, "starred", i.e., publicly bookmarked, and commented on. The count of revisions, stars, and forks is indicated on the gist page.[97]

Education program

GitHub launched a new program called the GitHub Student Developer Pack to give students free access to more than a dozen popular development tools and services. GitHub partnered with Bitnami, Crowdflower, DigitalOcean, DNSimple, HackHands, Namecheap, Orchestrate, Screenhero, SendGrid, Stripe, Travis CI, and Unreal Engine to launch the program.[98]

In 2016, GitHub announced the launch of the GitHub Campus Experts program[99] to train and encourage students to grow technology communities at their universities. The Campus Experts program is open to university students 18 years and older worldwide.[100] GitHub Campus Experts are one of the primary ways that GitHub funds student-oriented events and communities, Campus Experts are given access to training, funding, and additional resources to run events and grow their communities. To become a Campus Expert, applicants must complete an online training course with multiple modules to develop community leadership skills.

GitHub Marketplace service

GitHub also provides some software as a service (SaaS) integrations for adding extra features to projects. Those services include:

  • Waffle.io: project management for software teams, which allows users to automatically see pull requests, automated builds, reviews, and deployments across repositories.[101]
  • Rollbar: provides real-time debugging tools and full-stack exception reporting.[102][103]
  • Codebeat: automated code analysis for web and mobile developers.[citation needed]
  • Travis CI: continuous integration service.[citation needed]
  • GitLocalize: provides utilities to manage project translation and internationalisation.[citation needed]

GitHub Sponsors

GitHub Sponsors allows users to make monthly money donations to projects hosted on GitHub.[104] The public beta was announced on May 23, 2019, and the project accepts waitlist registrations. The Verge said that GitHub Sponsors "works exactly like Patreon" because "developers can offer various funding tiers that come with different perks, and they'll receive recurring payments from supporters who want to access them and encourage their work" except with "zero fees to use the program." Furthermore, GitHub offers incentives for early adopters during the first year: it pledges to cover payment processing costs and match sponsorship payments up to $5,000 per developer. Furthermore, users can still use similar services like Patreon and Open Collective and link to their websites.[105][106]

GitHub Archive Program

Main article: GitHub Archive Program

In July 2020, GitHub stored a February archive of the site[58] in an abandoned mountain mine in Svalbard, Norway, part of the Arctic World Archive and not far from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. The archive contained the code of all active public repositories, as well as that of dormant but significant public repositories. The 21TB of data was stored on piqlFilm archival film reels as matrix (2D) barcode (Boxing barcode), and is expected to last 500–1,000 years.[107][108][109][110]

The GitHub Archive Program is also working with partners on Project Silica, in an attempt to store all public repositories for 10,000 years. It aims to write archives into the molecular structure of quartz glass platters, using a high-precision petahertz pulse laser, i.e. one that pulses a quadrillion (1,000,000,000,000,000) times per second.[110]

Controversies

Harassment allegations

In March 2014, GitHub programmer Julie Ann Horvath alleged that founder and CEO Tom Preston-Werner and his wife, Theresa, engaged in a pattern of harassment against her that led to her leaving the company.[111] In April 2014, GitHub released a statement denying Horvath's allegations.[112][113][114] However, following an internal investigation, GitHub confirmed the claims. GitHub's CEO Chris Wanstrath wrote on the company blog, "The investigation found Tom Preston-Werner in his capacity as GitHub's CEO acted inappropriately, including confrontational conduct, disregard of workplace complaints, insensitivity to the impact of his spouse's presence in the workplace, and failure to enforce an agreement that his spouse should not work in the office."[115] Preston-Werner subsequently resigned from the company.[116] The firm then announced it would implement new initiatives and trainings "to make sure employee concerns and conflicts are taken seriously and dealt with appropriately."[116]

Sanctions

On July 25, 2019, a developer based in Iran wrote on Medium that GitHub had blocked his private repositories and prohibited access to GitHub pages.[117] Soon after, GitHub confirmed that it was now blocking developers in Iran, Crimea, Cuba, North Korea, and Syria from accessing private repositories.[118] However, GitHub reopened access to GitHub Pages days later, for public repositories regardless of location. It was also revealed that using GitHub while visiting sanctioned countries could result in similar actions occurring on a user's account. GitHub responded to complaints and the media through a spokesperson, saying:

GitHub is subject to US trade control laws, and is committed to full compliance with applicable law. At the same time, GitHub's vision is to be the global platform for developer collaboration, no matter where developers reside. As a result, we take seriously our responsibility to examine government mandates thoroughly to be certain that users and customers are not impacted beyond what is required by law. This includes keeping public repositories services, including those for open source projects, available and accessible to support personal communications involving developers in sanctioned regions.[119][120]

Developers who feel that they should not have restrictions can appeal for the removal of said restrictions, including those who only travel to, and do not reside in, those countries. GitHub has forbidden the use of VPNs and IP proxies to access the site from sanctioned countries, as purchase history and IP addresses are how they flag users, among other sources.[121]

Censorship

Main article: Censorship of GitHub

On December 4, 2014, Russia blacklisted GitHub.com because GitHub initially refused to take down user-posted suicide manuals.[122] After a day, Russia withdrew its block,[123] and GitHub began blocking specific content and pages in Russia.[124] On December 31, 2014, India blocked GitHub.com along with 31 other websites over pro-ISIS content posted by users;[125] the block was lifted three days later.[126] On October 8, 2016, Turkey blocked GitHub to prevent email leakage of a hacked account belonging to the country's energy minister.[127]

On March 26, 2015, a large-scale DDoS attack was launched against GitHub.com that lasted for just under five days.[128] The attack, which appeared to originate from China, primarily targeted GitHub-hosted user content describing methods of circumventing Internet censorship.[129][130][131]

On April 19, 2020, Chinese police detained Chen Mei and Cai Wei (volunteers for Terminus 2049, a project hosted on GitHub), and accused them of "picking quarrels and provoking trouble." Cai and Chen archived news articles, interviews, and other materials published on Chinese media outlets and social media platforms that have been removed by censors in China.[132]

ICE contract

See also: Microsoft and unions § United States

GitHub has a $200,000 contract with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for the use of their on-site product GitHub Enterprise Server. This contract was renewed in 2019, despite internal opposition from many GitHub employees. In an email sent to employees, later posted to the GitHub blog on October 9, 2019, CEO Nat Friedman stated, "The revenue from the purchase is less than $200,000 and not financially material for our company." He announced that GitHub had pledged to donate $500,000 to "nonprofit groups supporting immigrant communities targeted by the current administration."[133] In response, at least 150 GitHub employees signed an open letter re-stating their opposition to the contract, and denouncing alleged human rights abuses by ICE. As of November 13, 2019, five workers had resigned over the contract.[134][135][136]

The ICE contract dispute came into focus again in June 2020 due to the company's decision to abandon "master/slave" branch terminology, spurred by the George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement.[137] Detractors of GitHub describe the branch renaming to be a form of performative activism and have urged GitHub to cancel their ICE contract instead.[138] An open letter from members of the open source community was shared on GitHub in December 2019, demanding that the company drop its contract with ICE and provide more transparency into how they conduct business and partnerships. The letter has been signed by more than 700 people.[139]

Capitol riot comments and employee firing

In January 2021, GitHub fired one of its employees after he expressed concern for colleagues following the January 6 United States Capitol attack, calling some of the rioters "Nazis".[140] After an investigation, GitHub's COO said there were "significant errors of judgment and procedure" with the company's decision to fire the employee. As a result of the investigation, GitHub reached out to the employee, and the company's head of human resources resigned.[141][142]

Twitter source code leak

In 2023, parts of the social media platform Twitter were uploaded onto GitHub. The leak was first reported by the New York Times and was part of a legal filing Twitter submitted to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Twitter claimed that the postings infringed on copyright property owned by them, and asked the court for information to identify the user who posted the source code to GitHub, under the username "FreeSpeechEnthusiast".[143]

Reception

Linus Torvalds, the original developer of the Git software, has highly praised GitHub by stating "The hosting of github [sic] is excellent. They've done a good job on that. I think GitHub should be commended enormously for making open source project hosting so easy." However, he also sharply criticized the implementation of GitHub's merging interface, stating that "Git comes with a nice pull-request generation module, but GitHub instead decided to replace it with their own totally inferior version. As a result, I consider GitHub useless for these kinds of things. It's fine for hosting, but the pull requests and the online commit editing, are just pure garbage."[144][145]

See also

References

  1. ^ "New Year, New Company". GitHub.
  2. ^ a b "Microsoft says GitHub now has a $1B ARR, 90M active users". TechCrunch. October 25, 2022. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023.
  3. ^ "GitHub Diversity". GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  4. ^ "GitHub". GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  5. ^ "GitHub built a new search engine for code from scratch in Rust". ZDnet. Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Williams, Alex. "Github Pours Energies Into Enterprise Raises 100 Million From Power VC". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 19, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2017. Andreessen Horowitz is investing an eye-popping $100 million into GitHub
  7. ^ a b "Microsoft has acquired GitHub for $7.5B in stock". TechCrunch. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  8. ^ "The Problem With Putting All the World's Code in GitHub". Wired. June 29, 2015. Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  9. ^ Dohmke, Thomas (January 25, 2023). "100 million developers and counting". The GitHub Blog. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
  10. ^ "Github Number of Repositories". GitHub. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  11. ^ "Repository search for public repositories". GitHub. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2018. Showing 28,177,992 available repository results
  12. ^ Computer, Express (October 30, 2024). "GitHub embraces developer choice with multi-model copilot, new app tool GitHub Spark, and AI-native developer experience". Express Computer. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
  13. ^ Weis, Kristina (February 10, 2014). "GitHub CEO and Co-Founder Chris Wanstrath Keynoting Esri's DevSummit!". Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018. in 2007 they began working on GitHub as a side project
  14. ^ Preston-Werner, Tom (October 19, 2008). "GitHub Turns One!". GitHub. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
  15. ^ Wanstrath, Chris (December 7, 2009). "The first commit was on a Friday night in October, around 10 pm". Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
  16. ^ a b Catone, Josh (July 24, 2008). "GitHub Gist is Pastie on Steroids". Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018. GitHub hosts about 10,000 projects and officially launched in April of this year after a beta period of a few months.
  17. ^ "Tech Talk: Linus Torvalds on git (at 00:01:30)". May 14, 2007. Archived from the original on December 20, 2015. Retrieved October 3, 2022 – via YouTube.
  18. ^ Tomayko, Ryan (April 2, 2012). "Show How, Don't Tell What – A Management Style". Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  19. ^ Hardy, Quentin (December 28, 2012). "Dreams of 'Open' Everything". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  20. ^ Evelyn, Rusli (July 17, 2014). "Harassment claims make startup GitHub grow up". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
  21. ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/github-undergoing-full-blown-overhaul-160905630.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAF0JNMhS_PCRIDR6jFDZmtCuqZ4EYRKWzDyjswgUXOOB_M8kbcmhmMwD5pXsUmHZNaAV5IK9tpRkXylFrJMwgkQhloKmSMj7px6u8ceiMRgR4roVa76U7z4htCJK96L2J5LqJnQUWBoksNEbU6jDJnqPo-kCFZO4P_IISmUT7prQ
  22. ^ Michael, Carney (June 20, 2013). "GitHub CEO explains why the company took so damn long to raise venture capital". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  23. ^ "GitHub Pours Energies into Enterprise – Raises $100 Million From Power VC Andreessen Horowitz". TechCrunch. July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  24. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (July 29, 2015). "GitHub Raises $250M Series B Round To Take Risks". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  25. ^ "GitHub Raises $250M Series B Round Led By Sequoia Capital". TechCrunch. July 29, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  26. ^ "GitHub raises $250 million in new funding, now valued at $2 billion". Fortune. July 29, 2015. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  27. ^ Neumann, Alexander (June 6, 2011). "GitHub populärer als SourceForge und Google Code". heise Developer. Archived from the original on August 28, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
  28. ^ Hyett, P. J. (July 6, 2009). "100,000 Users!". The GitHub Blog. Retrieved May 4, 2024.
  29. ^ Dascalescu, Dan (November 3, 2009). "The PITA Threshold: GitHub vs. CPAN". Dan Dascalescu's Wiki. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  30. ^ Holman, Zach (July 25, 2010). "One Million Repositories". GitHub Blog. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  31. ^ Neath, Kyle (April 20, 2011). "Those are some big numbers". GitHub Blog. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  32. ^ Klint finley (June 2, 2011). "Github Has Surpassed Sourceforge and Google Code in Popularity". ReadWrite. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2018. During the period Black Duck examined, Github had 1,153,059 commits, Sourceforge had 624,989, Google Code and 287,901 and CodePlex had 49,839.
  33. ^ Wauters, Robin (April 11, 2013). "Code-sharing site Github turns five and hits 3.5 million users, 6 million repositories". TheNextWeb. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  34. ^ Doll, Brian (December 23, 2013). "10 Million Repositories". The GitHub Blog. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  35. ^ Russell, Jon (June 4, 2015). "GitHub Expands To Japan, Its First Office Outside The U.S." TechCrunch. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  36. ^ "GitHub Survived the Biggest DDoS Attack Ever Recorded". Wired.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
  37. ^ Hughes, Matthew (June 19, 2018). "GitHub's free education bundle is now available to all schools". The Next Web. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
  38. ^ "GitHub Education is a free software development package for schools". Engadget. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
  39. ^ "The state of the Octoverse 2016". Archived from the original on April 5, 2017.
  40. ^ "Microsoft confirms it will acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion". VentureBeat. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Microsoft confirms it will acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  42. ^ Warren, Tom (October 26, 2018). "Microsoft completes GitHub acquisition". The Verge. Vox. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
  43. ^ "Microsoft to acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion". Stories. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  44. ^ Nat, Friedman (November 3, 2021). "Thank You, GitHub". GitHub Blog. Archived from the original on May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  45. ^ Warren, Tom. "Here's what GitHub developers really think about Microsoft's acquisition". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
  46. ^ Merriman, Chris. "Microsoft has snapped up GitHub and the internet has feelings | TheINQUIRER". The Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  47. ^ Horwitz, Josh. "GitHub users are already fuming about the company's sale to Microsoft". Quartz. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  48. ^ "Why Microsoft Is Willing to Pay So Much for GitHub". Harvard Business Review. June 6, 2018. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  49. ^ "10 reasons why teams are switching from GitHub to Bitbucket after Microsoft acquisition". Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  50. ^ Tung, Liam. "GitHub rivals gain from Microsoft acquisition but it's no mass exodus, yet". ZDNet. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  51. ^ "If Microsoft buying GitHub freaks you out, here are your best alternatives". TechRepublic. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
  52. ^ "GitHub Importer". SourceForge. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
  53. ^ Mathews, Jennifer. "GitHub vs GitLab". GitHub Resources. GitHub. Archived from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  54. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (September 19, 2019). "GitHub acquires code analysis tool Semmle". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
  55. ^ Mehta, Ivan (February 12, 2020). "GitHub launches an Indian subsidiary to boost its developer community". The Next Web. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
  56. ^ "GitHub is acquiring NPM, a service used by 12 million developers". Business Insider. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on September 8, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  57. ^ Epling, Jeremy (April 15, 2020). "npm has joined GitHub". GitHub. GitHub, Inc. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
  58. ^ a b "GitHub Archive Program: the journey of the world's open source code to the Arctic". The GitHub Blog. July 16, 2020. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  59. ^ a b "GitHub Octodex FAQ". github.com. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
  60. ^ Jaramillo, Tony (November 24, 2014). "From Sticker to Sculpture: The making of the Octocat figurine". The GitHub Blog. GitHub. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  61. ^ a b c d DeAmicis, Carmel (July 8, 2013). "Original GitHub Octocat designer Simon Oxley on his famous creation: "I don't remember drawing it"". PandoDaily. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  62. ^ McEfee, Cameron (May 12, 2016). "The Octocat—a nerdy household name". CameronMcEfee.com. Cameron McEfee. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  63. ^ Goldman, David. "What IS that thing behind Satya Nadella in the GitHub photo?". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
  64. ^ "Microsoft-Owned GitHub Just Made It Free for Coders to Keep Projects Private in Small Teams". Fortune. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  65. ^ Zhou, Marrian. "GitHub is giving free users unlimited private repositories". CNET. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  66. ^ Chan, Rosalie. "GitHub makes its first major move since Microsoft bought it for $7.5 billion — and it's something customers have long been asking for". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  67. ^ Friedman, Nat (April 14, 2020). "GitHub is now free for teams". github.blog. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020.
  68. ^ "Interview with Chris Wanstrath". Doeswhat.com. March 6, 2012. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
  69. ^ "GitHub.com Help Documentation". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  70. ^ "About wikis". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  71. ^ Montini, Leonardo (May 7, 2023). "The awesome side of GitHub — Awesome lists". Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  72. ^ Tashia T (June 8, 2023). "15 most popular GitHub repositories every developer should know". Hostfinger. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
  73. ^ "What is GitHub Actions? • GitHub Actions" (PDF). GitHub. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
  74. ^ "GitHub Codespaces documentation". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2023.
  75. ^ "GitHub Codespaces - Github". GitHub. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  76. ^ "GitHub Codespaces documentation - GitHub Docs". GitHub Docs. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  77. ^ "Integrations Directory". GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  78. ^ "About email notifications for pushes to your repository". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  79. ^ "GitHub Discussions Documentation". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
  80. ^ "Mention @somebody. They're notified". GitHub. March 23, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  81. ^ "Github Help / Categories / Writing on GitHub". Github.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
  82. ^ Weinhoffer, Eric (April 9, 2013). "GitHub Now Supports STL File Viewing". Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  83. ^ "GitHub Terms of Service - User Documentation". Help.github.com. February 11, 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  84. ^ Introducing GitHub Enterprise Archived March 22, 2021, at the Wayback Machine GitHub
  85. ^ Salter, Jim (November 5, 2020). "GitHub's source code was leaked on GitHub last night... sort of". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  86. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "GitHub denies getting hacked". ZDNet. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  87. ^ Bell, Peter; Beer, Brent (November 11, 2014). Introducing GitHub: A Non-Technical Guide. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 9781491949832. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  88. ^ Pipinellis, Achilleas (September 30, 2015). GitHub Essentials. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781783553723. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  89. ^ Xie, Yihui (December 12, 2016). bookdown: Authoring Books and Technical Documents with R Markdown. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351792608. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  90. ^ "Build A Blog With Jekyll And GitHub Pages". Smashing Magazine. August 1, 2014. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  91. ^ Sawant, Uday R. (June 30, 2016). Ubuntu Server Cookbook. Packt Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781785887987. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved June 15, 2019.
  92. ^ All GitHub Pages sites, including sites correctly configured with a custom domain, support HTTPS and HTTPS enforcement."Securing your GitHub Pages site with HTTPS". help.github.com. GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  93. ^ Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS.Moore, Parker (May 1, 2018). "Custom domains on GitHub Pages gain support for HTTPS". github.blog. GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  94. ^ Preston-Werner, Tom (July 20, 2008). God's memory leak - a scientific treatment. RubyFringe. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2014. He previewed the upcoming git feature gist
  95. ^ "Creating gists". GitHub Docs. Archived from the original on December 25, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  96. ^ "Deprecation Notice: Removing Anonymous Gist Creation". The GitHub Blog. February 18, 2018. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  97. ^ "Build software better, together". Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2021.
  98. ^ Lardinois, Frederic (October 7, 2014). "GitHub Partners With Digital Ocean, Unreal Engine, Others To Give Students Free Access To Developer Tools". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
  99. ^ "GitHub Campus Experts - Technology leadership at your school". The GitHub Blog. June 25, 2016. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  100. ^ "GitHub Campus Experts". GitHub Education. Archived from the original on April 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  101. ^ Doerrfeld, Bill (August 15, 2022). "How to put GitHub Actions to work for your software team". Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
  102. ^ "Rollbar Provides New and Updated Software Development Kits". Database Trends and Applications. April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  103. ^ "Former Lolapps Engineers Launch Rollbar, An Error-Tracking Platform For Developers That Has A Sense Of History". TechCrunch. February 26, 2013. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  104. ^ "GitHub Sponsors". GitHub. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  105. ^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 23, 2019). "GitHub launches Sponsors, a Patreon-style funding tool for developers". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  106. ^ "Announcing GitHub Sponsors: a new way to contribute to open source". The GitHub Blog. May 23, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
  107. ^ "GitHub Has Stored Its Code in an Arctic Vault It Hopes Will Last 1,000 Years". Gizmodo. July 17, 2020. Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  108. ^ Canales, Katie (July 18, 2020). "GitHub, the world's largest open-source software site, just had mounds of data stored in the permafrost chamber of an old coal mine deep in an Arctic mountain for 1,000 years". MSN. Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 9, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  109. ^ Truong, Kevin (July 17, 2020). "21 Terabytes of Open Source Code Is Now Stored in an Arctic Vault". Vice.com. Vice Media. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  110. ^ a b Byrne, Nate (August 12, 2020). "Buried deep in the ice is the GitHub code vault". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
  111. ^ Biddle, Sam; Tiku, Nitasha (17 March 2014). "Meet the Married Duo Behind Tech's Biggest New Harassment Scandal". Vallywag. Gawker. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  112. ^ "Results of the GitHub Investigation". The GitHub Blog. April 22, 2014. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  113. ^ Miller, Claire Cain (April 21, 2014). "GitHub Founder Resigns After Investigation". Bits. The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  114. ^ Wilhelm, Alex (April 21, 2014). "GitHub Denies Allegations Of "Gender-Based Harassment," Co-Founder Preston-Werner Resigns". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  115. ^ "Follow up to the investigation results". GitHub. April 28, 2014. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  116. ^ a b McMillan, Robert (April 21, 2014). "GitHub Founder Steps Down After Harassment Probe". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  117. ^ Saeedi Fard, Hamed (July 29, 2019). "GitHub blocked my account and they think I'm developing nuclear weapons". Medium. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  118. ^ "GitHub confirms it has blocked developers in Iran, Syria and Crimea". TechCrunch. July 29, 2019. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  119. ^ Tung, Liam. "GitHub starts blocking developers in countries facing US trade sanctions". ZDNet. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  120. ^ Porter, Jon (July 29, 2019). "GitHub restricts developer accounts based in Iran, Crimea, and other countries under US sanctions". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
  121. ^ "GitHub and Trade Controls". GitHub Help. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  122. ^ "Russia Blacklists, Blocks GitHub Over Pages That Refer to Suicide". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  123. ^ McMillan, Robert. "Russia's Creeping Descent Into Internet Censorship". WIRED. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
  124. ^ "To Get Off Russia's Blacklist, GitHub Has Blocked Access To Pages That Highlight Suicide". TechCrunch. December 5, 2014. Archived from the original on January 17, 2023. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  125. ^ "GitHub, Vimeo and 30 more sites blocked in India over content from ISIS". The Next Web. December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  126. ^ Wright, Mic (January 2, 2015). "India Lifts Blocks On Github, Weebly, Dailymotion And Vimeo". The Next Web. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  127. ^ "Turkey blocked GitHub and Dropbox to hide leaks – reports". October 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  128. ^ "Large Scale DDoS Attack on github.com". GitHub. March 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  129. ^ "Last night, GitHub was hit with massive denial-of-service attack from China". The Verge. March 27, 2015. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  130. ^ "U.S. Coding Website GitHub Hit With Cyberattack". The Wall Street Journal. March 29, 2015. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
  131. ^ "Massive denial-of-service attack on GitHub tied to Chinese government". Ars Technica. March 31, 2015. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  132. ^ Human Rights Watch (April 27, 2020). "China: Free Covid-19 Activists, 'Citizen Journalists'". Archived from the original on August 27, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  133. ^ "GitHub and US Government developers". The GitHub Blog. GitHub. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  134. ^ "As GitHub's Conference Begins, Five Employees Resign Over ICE Contract". Vice. November 13, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  135. ^ Ghaffary, Shirin (October 9, 2019). "GitHub is the latest tech company to face controversy over its contracts with ICE". Vox. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  136. ^ "Letter from GitHub employees to CEO about the company's ICE contract". The Washington Post. October 9, 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  137. ^ "GitHub abandons 'master' term to avoid slavery row". BBC News. June 15, 2020. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  138. ^ Hussain, Suhauna; Bhuiyan, Johana (June 13, 2020). "After GitHub CEO backs Black Lives Matter, workers demand an end to ICE contract". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  139. ^ Truong, Kevin (July 20, 2020). "The Open Source Community Is Calling on Github to 'Drop ICE'". Vice. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  140. ^ Chan, Rosalie (January 12, 2021). "EXCLUSIVE: GitHub is facing employee backlash after the firing of a Jewish employee who suggested 'Nazis are about' on the day of the US Capitol siege". Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  141. ^ Dickey, Megan Rose (January 15, 2021). "Fired GitHub employee who warned co-workers about Nazis is seeking legal counsel". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on March 22, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  142. ^ Higgins-Dunn, Noah (January 17, 2021). "GitHub head of HR resigns after investigation into firing of Jewish employee over Capitol riot comments". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
  143. ^ D'Innocenzio, Anne (March 27, 2023). "Twitter hunts Github user who posted source code online". AP News. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
  144. ^ Tim Anderson. "GitHub merges 'useless garbage' says Linus Torvalds as new NTFS support added to Linux kernel 5.15". The Register. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
  145. ^ McMillan, Robert. "Linus Torvalds Invented Git, But He Pulls No Patches With GitHub". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
Wikidata has the property:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to GitHub.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya