Foreign relations of Poland
The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO , among others. Poland wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law.
The Polish economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade. Since the collapse of communism and its re-establishment as a democratic nation, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and Western affairs, supporting and establishing friendly foreign relations with both the West and with numerous European countries.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland) looks after the foreign relations of Poland. As of May 2024 the ministry was held by Radoslaw Sikorski .
History
Foreign policy topics are covered in the history articles:
Integration with the West and Europe
Polish prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki (left) at a Visegrád Group meeting in Budapest in 2021 with fellow member countries.
After regaining independence in 1989, Poland has ahead on its economic reintegration with the Western world .[1] Poland also has been an active nation in advocating European integration .
In 1994, Poland became an associate member of the European Union (EU) and its defensive arm, the Western European Union (WEU). In 1996, Poland achieved full OECD membership and submitted preliminary documentation for full EU membership.
Poland formally joined the European Union in May 2004, along with the other members of the Visegrád Group .
NATO membership
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz told a 2014 audience at the Wilson Center that Poland sought to join NATO as early as 1992.[2]
In 1997, Poland was invited in the first wave of NATO enlargement at the July 1997 NATO Madrid summit . In March 1999, Poland became a full member of NATO . Poland promoted its NATO candidacy through energetic participation in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and through intensified individual dialogue with NATO.
Poland was a part of the multinational force in Iraq .
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Poland maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]
Bilateral relations
Multilateral
Africa
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Algeria
See Algeria–Poland relations
Algeria has an embassy in Warsaw .
Poland has an embassy in Algiers .
Angola
Angola has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Luanda .
Chad
Chad is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Poland is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
Egypt
See Egypt–Poland relations
Egypt has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Cairo .
Ethiopia
See Ethiopia–Poland relations
Kenya
13 December 1963
See Kenya–Poland relations
Kenya is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Rome , Italy .
Poland has an embassy in Nairobi .
Libya
See Libya–Poland relations
Libya has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
Madagascar
Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
Mali
See Mali–Poland relations
Morocco
See Morocco–Poland relations
Morocco has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Rabat .
Mozambique
25 June 1975
Mozambique is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo .
Namibia
21 March 1990
Namibia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
Nigeria
See Nigeria–Poland relations
Nigeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Abuja .
Senegal
See Poland–Senegal relations
Poland has an embassy in Dakar .
Senegal has an embassy in Warsaw.
South Africa
1988
See Poland–South Africa relations
Poland has an embassy in Pretoria .
South Africa has an embassy in Warsaw.
South Sudan
31 January 2013
See Poland–South Sudan relations
Tanzania
1961
See Poland–Tanzania relations
Poland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam .
Tanzania is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Tunisia
See Poland–Tunisia relations
Poland has an embassy in Tunis .
Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Uganda
1963
See Poland–Uganda relations
Poland is accredited to Uganda from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala .
Uganda is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Zambia
See Poland–Zambia relations
Americas
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Argentina
1920
See Argentina–Poland relations
Belize
2 May 1995
Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 2, 1995.[128]
Bolivia
Bolivia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
Brazil
27 May 1920
See Brazil–Poland relations
Canada
1935
See Canada–Poland relations
Chile
1920
See Chile–Poland relations
Chile has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Santiago .
Both countries are full members of the OECD .
Colombia
1931
See Colombia–Poland relations
Colombia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Bogotá .[133]
Both countries are full members of the OECD .
Cuba
1933
See Cuba–Poland relations
Cuba has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Havana .
Ecuador
Ecuador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
El Salvador
El Salvador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Panama City, Panama.
Guyana
1972
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1972.[134]
Guyana is accredited to Poland from its high commission in London, United Kingdom.
Poland is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
Haiti
Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.
Honduras
Honduras is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Honduras from its embassy in Panama City, Panama.
Mexico
26 February 1928
See Mexico–Poland relations
Panama
Panama has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Panama City .
Paraguay
Paraguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Poland is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Peru
1923
See Peru–Poland relations
Peru has an embassy in Warsaw.[137]
Poland has an embassy in Lima .[138]
United States
See Poland–United States relations
A tighter security alliance with the United States was announced in the middle of the Georgian crisis as an agreement between the two countries was reached to allow the US to install and operate an interceptor missile defense shield , a move which Russia sees explicitly targeting it and which it stated made Poland "a legit military target".[139] A high-ranking Russian military official said: "Poland in deploying [the US system] opens itself to a nuclear strike".[140]
Uruguay
22 July 1920
See Poland–Uruguay relations
Poland is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Uruguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Venezuela
1933
See Poland–Venezuela relations
Poland has an embassy in Caracas .
Venezuela has an embassy in Warsaw.
Asia
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Afghanistan
See Afghanistan–Poland relations
Afghanistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
Armenia
1992-2-26[143]
See Armenia–Poland relations
Azerbaijan
1992-02-21[146]
See Azerbaijan–Poland relations
Bangladesh
See Bangladesh–Poland relations
Bangladesh has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
China
1919
See China–Poland relations
Relations between Poland and the People's Republic of China began on 5 October 1949.
China has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu , Guangzhou , Hong Kong and Shanghai .
Georgia
1992-04-28
See Georgia–Poland relations
India
See India–Poland relations
Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterized by understanding and cooperation on international front.[147]
Indonesia
See Indonesia–Poland relations
Indonesia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Jakarta .
Iran
See Iran–Poland relations
Iran has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Tehran .
Iraq
See Iraq–Poland relations
Iraq has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Baghdad .
Israel
27 February 1990
See Israel–Poland relations
Poland broke off relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967, following most other countries of the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Bloc . Poland was the first Eastern bloc country to recognize Israel again in 1986. Full diplomatic relations have been reestablished in 1990, after the communist People's Republic of Poland was transformed into modern, democratic Poland. Government relations between Poland and Israel are steadily improving, resulting in the mutual visits of presidents and the ministers of foreign affairs.[150] [151]
Japan
See Japan–Poland relations
Japan has an embassy in Warsaw, and an honorary consulate in Kraków .
Poland has an embassy in Tokyo, and 2 honorary consulates (in Kobe and Hiroshima ).[152]
Both countries are full members of the OECD .
Kazakhstan
6 April 1992
See Kazakhstan–Poland relations
Poland opened its embassy in Nur-Sultan in March 1994. Kazakhstan's embassy to Poland was opened in October 2000.[153]
Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Nur-Sultan .
Kuwait
Kuwait has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Kuwait City .
Lebanon
Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Beirut .
Malaysia
See Malaysia–Poland relations
Malaysia has an embassy in Warsaw,[154] and Poland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate in Kuching .[155] [156]
Mongolia
See Mongolia–Poland relations
Mongolia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar .
North Korea
1948 October[157]
See Poland–North Korea relations
North Korea has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Pyongyang .
Pakistan
17 December 1962
See Pakistan–Poland relations
Pakistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Islamabad .
Palestine
1988
See Palestine–Poland relations
Palestine has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has a representative office in Ramallah .
Philippines
See Philippines–Poland relations
Qatar
Poland has an embassy in Doha .
Qatar has an embassy in Warsaw.
Saudi Arabia
See Poland–Saudi Arabia relations
Poland has an embassy in Riyadh .
Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Singapore
1969[159]
Poland has an embassy in Singapore.[159]
Singapore has a non-resident ambassador based in Singapore accredited to Poland and has an honorary consulate-general in Warsaw.[159]
South Korea
1 November 1989[160]
See Poland–South Korea relations
Taiwan
See Poland–Taiwan relations
Tajikistan
See Poland–Tajikistan relations
Poland is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Tajikistan is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Thailand
Poland has an embassy in Bangkok .
Thailand has an embassy in Warsaw.
Turkmenistan
See Poland–Turkmenistan relations
Poland is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Turkmenistan is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
United Arab Emirates
See Poland–United Arab Emirates relations
Poland has an embassy in Abu Dhabi .
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Warsaw.
Uzbekistan
See Poland–Uzbekistan relations
Poland has an embassy in Tashkent .
Uzbekistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
Vietnam
See Poland–Vietnam relations
Poland has an embassy in Hanoi .
Vietnam has an embassy in Warsaw.
Europe
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Albania
See Albania–Poland relations
Andorra
1996-5-15
Andorra is accredited to Poland from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Andorra la Vella , Andorra.
Poland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Austria
1921
See Austria–Poland relations
Austria was one of the three partitioners of Poland , along with Prussia /Germany and Russia.
Belarus
1992-03-02[165]
See Belarus–Poland relations
Both countries share a common border of 416 kilometres (258 miles).[166]
Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence.[165]
Belarus has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Gdańsk and Białystok , and a consulate in Biała Podlaska .[167]
Poland has an embassy in Minsk and consulates-general in Brest and Hrodna .[168]
Belgium
1919-3[169]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Sarajevo .
Bosnia and Herzegovina is an EU candidate and Poland is an EU member .
Bulgaria
1920s
See Bulgaria–Poland relations
Croatia
1992-04-11
See Croatia–Poland relations
Cyprus
1960s
See Cyprus–Poland relations
[174]
Czech Republic
1991-10-6[175]
See Czech Republic–Poland relations
Both countries share a common border of 790 kilometres (490 miles).[166]
Czech Republic has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Katowice .
Poland has an embassy in Prague and a consulate-general in Ostrava .
Both countries are full members of the European Union , NATO and the Visegrád Group .
Denmark
See Denmark–Poland relations
Estonia
1991-09
See Estonia–Poland relations
Finland
1919-03-08
See Finland–Poland relations
France
1919-2-24[179]
See France–Poland relations
Polish-French relations date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of French Revolution and reign of Napoleon I . Poles have been allies of Napoleon ; large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period . The official relations, having cooled down during the Cold War , have improved since the fall of communism . Currently both countries are part of the European Union and NATO .
Germany
See Germany–Poland relations
After the creation of modern Germany in 1871, Germany was one of the three partitioners of Poland , along with Austria and Russia.
The joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II , and then until 1945, Poland was occupied by Germany and subjected to crimes against its popualtion .
During the Cold War , communist Poland had good relations with East Germany , but had strained relations with West Germany . After the fall of communism , Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union .
Both countries share a common border of 467 kilometres (290 miles).[166]
Germany has an embassy in Warsaw and consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków, Opole and Wrocław.
Poland has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Cologne , Hamburg and Munich .
Both nations are members of the European Union , NATO and of the Council of Europe .
Greece
See Greece–Poland relations
Holy See
1919
See Holy See–Poland relations
Holy see has an apostolic nunciature in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
Hungary
See Hungary–Poland relations
Relations between the two states date back from the Middle Ages . For a long time, they enjoy traditional close friendship.
Iceland
January 1946
See Iceland–Poland relations
Iceland has an embassy in Warsaw.[182]
Poland has an embassy in Reykjavík .[183]
Both countries are full members of NATO .
Ireland
1976-9-30[184]
See Ireland–Poland relations
Italy
1919-2-27[189]
See Italy–Poland relations
Northern Italy and parts of Poland were part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austrian Empire.
Italy has an embassy in Warsaw, and 5 honorary consulates (in Gdynia , Kraków , Poznań , Szczecin and Wrocław ).[190]
Poland has an embassy in Rome , a consulate general in Milan , and 8 honorary consulates (in Ancona , Bologna , Genoa , Naples , Palermo , Trento , Turin , Venice ).[191]
Both nations are members of the European Union , NATO and of the Council of Europe .
Latvia
1991-08-30
See Latvia–Poland relations
Lithuania
1991-9-5[194]
See Lithuania–Poland relations
Poland and Lithuania formed a close alliance and political union since 1385, which was eventually transformed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the greatest historic powers of Central and Eastern Europe .
The fall of communism in the years of 1989-1991 led to a formal reestablishment of relations by the Polish and Lithuanian states. Poland was highly supportive of the Lithuanian independence, and became one of the first countries to recognize independent Lithuania.[195] Despite that, there was a relative crisis in the early 1990s,[196] due to Lithuanian mistreatment of Polish minority, and Lithuanian suspicious that Poland would want to put Lithuania under its sphere of influence.[195] After a few years, as the situation normalized, Polish-Lithuanian relations have been steadily improving over the past two decades, with both countries joining the NATO and European Union .
Luxembourg
1921-4-18[197]
See Luxembourg–Poland relations
Malta
Moldova
1991-8-27[198]
See Moldova–Poland relations
Monaco
1990[199]
Monaco is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany and maintains an honorary consulate in Warsaw.
Poland is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
Montenegro
Montenegro has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Podgorica .
Both countries are full members of NATO .
Montenegro is an EU candidate and Poland is an EU member .
Netherlands
See Netherlands–Poland relations
North Macedonia
North Macedonia has an embassy in Warsaw.
Poland has an embassy in Skopje .
Both countries are full members of NATO .
North Macedonia is an EU candidate and Poland is an EU member .
Norway
See Norway–Poland relations
Portugal
11 July 1974
See Poland–Portugal relations
Romania
1919-02-09
See Poland–Romania relations
Russia
See Poland–Russia relations
Russia was one of the three partitioners of Poland , along with Austria and Prussia/Germany.
The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II .
In recent years, relations with Russia have worsened considerably. During the Russo-Georgian War Poland stated its support for Georgia and condemned Russia's actions. The Polish believed the war was carried out by the Russians in an attempt to reestablish and reassert its dominance over its former republics.
Since 2009, however, relations with Russia somewhat improved, despite the Smolensk air disaster where the former Polish president died on what is still considered a controversial event. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia the relations deteriorated again, as Poland strongly condemned Russian actions against Ukraine .
Serbia
1919
See Poland–Serbia relations
Slovakia
1993
See Poland–Slovakia relations
Slovenia
1992-4-10[204]
Spain
1919-5-19[205]
See Poland–Spain relations
Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona .
Spain has an embassy in Warsaw.
Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO .
Sweden
1919-6-3[205]
See Poland–Sweden relations
Poland and Sweden formed the Polish–Swedish union in the late 16th century.
Switzerland
Turkey
See Poland–Turkey relations
Poland has an embassy in Ankara .
Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw.
Both countries are full members of NATO , OECD and the Council of Europe .
Poland is an EU member and Turkey is an EU candidate . Poland supports Turkey's accession negotiations to the EU, although negotiations have now been suspended.
Ukraine
1992-1-4[206]
See Poland–Ukraine relations
Both countries share a border of about 529 kilometres (329 miles).[166] Poland's acceptance of the Schengen Agreement created problems with the Ukrainian border traffic. On July 1, 2009 an agreement on local border traffic between the two country's came into effect. This agreement enables Ukrainian citizens living in border regions to cross the Polish frontier according to a liberalized procedure.[207]
United Kingdom
1919-2-25[208]
See Poland–United Kingdom relations
During the Cold War Poland retained a largely negative view of Britain as a sluggish ally of Poland during World War II, later acceptance of neglecting Poland in the international arena and placing it in communist influences. In communist times the UK was a part of the NATO block, so consequently it was considered by the communists as natural enemy of the communist bloc. British efforts meanwhile were focussed at trying to break Poland off from the Warsaw Pact and encouraging reforms in the country.
In the 1990s and 2000s democratic Poland has maintained close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the EU; Britain being one of only a few countries allowing equal rights to Polish workers upon their accession in 2004.[209]
Poland has an embassy in London and consulates-general in Belfast , Edinburgh and Manchester .[210]
United Kingdom has an embassy in Warsaw.
According to official estimates there were around 900,000 Poles living in the UK in December 2019.[211]
Both countries are full members of NATO .
Oceania
See also
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^ "Gambie" (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Grenada" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Vanuatu" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Republika Korei" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Oman" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Namibia" . Retrieved 13 April 2023 .
^ "RPA" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Ukraina" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Armenia" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Białoruś" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Uzbekistan" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Słowenia" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Gruzja" (in Polish).
^ "Malawi" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Słowacja" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Surinam" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Polonia in Italia: San Marino (Servizio della Repubblica di Polonia)" (in Italian). Retrieved 12 April 2023 .
^ "Saudi Arabia" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Bośnia i Hercegowina" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Timor Wschodni" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "The Bahamas" . Retrieved 12 April 2023 .
^ "Antigua i Barbuda" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
^ "Czarnogóra" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Sudan Południowy" (in Polish). Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Tonga" . Retrieved 23 July 2023 .
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^ "Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-06 .{{cite web }}
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^ "Embajada de la República de Polonia en México" . Retrieved 20 October 2022 .
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^ a b Stephen R. Burant and Voytek Zubek, Eastern Europe's Old Memories and New Realities: Resurrecting the Polish-Lithuanian Union , East European Politics and Societies 1993; 7; 370, online Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ Polish foreign relations with the former Soviet Republics from the mid-1990s perspective
^ 100 years of diplomatic relations between Luxembourg and Poland from A to Z/100 lat stosunków dyplomatycznych między Luksemburgiem i Polską od A do Z (in English and Polish). Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in Warsaw. 2021. ISBN 978-99959-0-628-3 .
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^ Local Border Traffic Agreement With Poland Takes Effect Archived 2013-01-05 at archive.today , Ukrainian News Agency (July 1, 2009)
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^ The New Atlanticist: Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Priorities [permanent dead link ] , pp.80-84, by Kerry Longhurst and Marcin Zaborowski, from The Royal Institute of International Affairs, first published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd., ISBN 978-1-4051-2646-5 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4051-2645-8 (paperback).
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This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook . CIA .
Further reading
Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
The Cambridge History of Poland , 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697–1935), 1950 (to 1696). New York: Octagon Books, 1971 online edition vol 1 to 1696 Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine , old fashioned but highly detailed
Davies, Norman . God's Playground . A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4 .
Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
Fedorowicz, Krzysztof (July 2007). "National Identity and National Interest in Polish Eastern Policy, 1989-2004". Nationalities Papers . 35 (3): 537–553. doi :10.1080/00905990701368761 . hdl :10593/26952 . S2CID 154831664 .
Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
Gerson Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920 (1972)
Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp excerpt and text search
Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland," Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR historiography
Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7.1 (2011): 61-76. online
Korbel, Josef . Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy toward Poland, 1919–1933 (Princeton University Press, 1963)
Kuźniar, R. ed. Poland's Security Policy 1989-2000 (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).
Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online
Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp. excerpt [dead link ]
Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. (2nd ed. Cambridge U. Press, 2006). 408pp. excerpts and search
Magocsi, Paul Robert t al. A History of East Central Europe (1974).
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
Prazmowska, Anita J. A History of Poland (2004\)
Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003).
Wróbel, Piotr. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996. Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.
Zięba, Ryszard. Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Springer, 2020) online
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