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Demographics of Portugal

Demographics of Portugal
Population pyramid of Portugal as of 2023
PopulationIncrease 10,639,726 (2023)
Growth rate1.2% (2023)
Birth rate8.1 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy81.2 years (2023)
 • male78.4 years (2023)
 • female83.7 years (2023)
Fertility rateIncrease 1.44 children (2023)
Infant mortality rate2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
Net migration rate14.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023)
Age structure
0–14 years12.8% (2023)
15–64 years63.1% (2023)
65 and over24.1% (2023)
Sex ratio
Total0.9 male(s)/female (2022)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
Nationality
NationalityPortuguese citizen
Major ethnicPortuguese
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialPortuguese
SpokenLanguages of Portugal

Demographic features of the population of Portugal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

As of 2023, Portugal had an estimated population of 10,639,726 inhabitants.[1] Its population density, at 115.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (299/sq mi), is slightly higher than that of most EU countries, moderately surpassing the EU average of 105.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (273/sq mi).[2][3] However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the Lisbon metropolitan area (which contains well above a quarter of the country's population), the metropolitan areas of Porto and the Atlantic coast, while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Alentejo, the Trás-os-Montes and Serra da Estrela highlands, and the lesser islands of the Azores archipelago.

The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century (+91%), but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural North to the industrial cities of Lisbon and Porto, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy of the 1960s.

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1980s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, almost one in five Portuguese was over 65 years old.[4] Lately, Portugal has been experiencing a short growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has climbed from an all-time low of 1.21 children per woman in 2013 to 1.43 in 2022, still well below replacement level.

Due to decrease in emigration and increase in immigration in the late 1990s and early 2000s the total population reached its peak in December 2009, standing at 10,573,479. Since then, due to the 2008 financial crisis, immigration (that was- in some years - surpassed by emigration) could not offset a shrinking population size, mainly due to the low birthrate but, also due to aging, the rising mortality. After having decreased by 2.27% by 2018, the total population of Portugal started to grow again, mainly sustained by growing immigration and slightly increasing birth rates.[5][6] By 2023, the total population had already surpassed the 2009 peak.

Portugal is a fairly linguistically and religiously homogeneous country. Ethnically, the Portuguese people form a big majority of the total population in Portugal. The Portuguese people are mainly a combination of ancient paleolithic populations, and the proto-Celtic, Celtic, and the para-Celtic Lusitanians. Some other groups, like the Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suevi, Buri, Alans and Vandals) and later the Moorish (Arabs and Berber), Sephardic Jewish, and the French also passed through the country.

Today, Brazilians, Britons, Indians, Italians, French, Ukrainians, Nepalis and countries members of PALOP (Portuguese-speaking African countries) are the main immigrants and form the major foreign communities in the country.[7][8]

Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only some villages near the northern municipality of Miranda do Douro speaking Mirandese, locally recognised as a co-official language.

Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899

Population pyramid from 1950 to 2020

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[9]

Years 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal 4.5 4.47 4.44 4.41 4.38 4.35 4.33 4.3 4.27 4.24 4.21
Years 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal 4.18 4.15 4.12 4.09 4.1 4.11 4.12 4.14 4.15 4.16
Years 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.2 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.23 4.22
Years 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal 4.91 4.19 4.18 4.17 4.16 4.15 4.38 4.3 4.38 4.24
Years 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899[9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal 4.16 4.06 4.15 3.86 3.9 3.9 3.95 3.93 3.89

[10]

Vital statistics since 1900

[11][12]
[13][14][15] 		Average population (December 31) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rates[fn 1][9][16][17][18]
1900 5,410,000 165,245 110,330 54,915 30.5 20.3 10.2 3.96
1901 5,460,000 170,773 114,130 56,643 31.3 20.9 10.4 -1.2 4.07
1902 5,490,000 176,029 108,378 67,651 32.0 19.7 12.4 -6.9 4.16
1903 5,560,000 183,138 111,685 71,453 33.0 20.1 12.9 -0.1 4.29
1904 5,600,000 176,726 105,572 71,154 31.6 18.9 12.7 -5.5 4.11
1905 5,660,000 179,746 112,756 66,990 31.8 20.0 11.8 -1.1 4.13
1906 5,690,000 182,920 125,243 57,677 32.1 22.0 10.1 -4.8 4.17
1907 5,730,000 176,417 113,254 63,163 30.7 19.7 11.0 -4.0 3.99
1908 5,790,000 175,268 115,876 59,392 30.3 20.0 10.2 0.3 3.94
1909 5,850,000 174,753 112,421 62,332 29.9 19.2 10.8 -0.3 3.89
1910 5,890,000 186,953 113,161 73,792 31.7 19.2 12.5 -5.7 4.12
1911 5,960,000 230,033 130,900 99,133 38.6 22.0 16.6 -4.7 5.02
1912 5,960,000 207,870 119,578 88,292 34.9 20.1 14.8 -14.8 4.54
1913 5,970,000 193,906 123,054 70,852 32.5 20.6 11.9 -10.2 4.22
1914 5,980,000 188,479 115,526 72,953 31.5 19.3 12.0 -10.3 4.09
1915 5,990,000 195,225 122,513 72,712 32.6 20.5 12.0 -10.3 4.24
1916 6,000,000 192,780 129,389 63,391 32.1 21.6 10.7 -9.0 4.17
1917 6,000,000 188,391 134,082 54,309 31.4 22.3 9.1 -9.1 4.08
1918 6,020,000 178,687 248,978 -70,291 29.7 41.4 -11.6 14.9 3.86
1919 6,020,000 166,162 152,856 13,306 27.6 25.4 2.2 -2.2 3.59
1920 6,040,000 202,908 142,862 60,046 33.6 23.7 9.9 -6.6 4.37
1921 6,070,000 197,022 126,316 70,706 32.4 20.8 11.7 -6.7 4.21
1922 6,170,000 203,727 125,747 77,980 33.1 20.4 12.6 3.9 4.3
1923 6,240,000 207,172 141,775 65,397 33.2 22.7 10.5 0.8 4.32
1924 6,310,000 207,440 126,052 81,388 32.8 20.0 12.8 -1.6 4.26
1925 6,370,000 208,434 117,413 91,021 32.6 18.4 14.3 -4.8 4.24
1926 6,470,000 214,633 127,959 86,674 33.5 19.8 13.4 2.3 4.36
1927 6,550,000 199,399 123,382 76,017 31.0 18.8 11.6 0.8 4.03
1928 6,620,000 211,314 124,088 87,226 31.9 18.7 13.2 -2.5 4.15
1929 6,720,000 200,874 118,824 82,050 29.9 17.7 12.2 2.9 3.89
1930 6,804,000 202,529 116,352 86,177 29.7 17.1 12.7 -0.2 3.86
1931 6,860,000 204,120 115,225 88,895 29.7 16.8 13.0 -4.8 3.86
1932 6,968,000 208,062 118,895 89,167 29.9 17.1 12.8 2.9 3.89
1933 7,057,000 204,315 120,996 83,319 28.9 17.2 11.8 1.0 3.88
1934 7,147,000 203,158 118,539 84,619 28.4 16.6 11.8 1.0 3.74
1935 7,237,000 203,943 123,051 80,892 28.2 17.0 11.2 1.4 3.59
1936 7,326,000 205,615 119,003 86,612 28.1 16.2 11.8 0.5 3.45
1937 7,416,000 198,217 117,291 80,926 26.7 15.8 10.9 1.4 3.39
1938 7,506,000 199,467 115,331 84,136 26.6 15.4 11.2 0.9 3.34
1939 7,595,000 198,888 116,075 82,813 26.2 15.3 10.9 1.0 3.28
1940 7,696,000 187,892 120,486 67,406 24.4 15.7 8.8 4.5 3.22
1941 7,750,000 184,336 134,937 49,399 23.8 17.4 6.4 0.6 3.12
1942 7,810,000 187,503 126,531 60,972 24.0 16.1 7.8 -0.1 3.14
1943 7,890,000 198,101 121,887 76,214 25.1 15.3 9.7 0.5 3.27
1944 7,960,000 201,373 119,275 82,098 25.3 14.8 10.3 -1.4 3.28
1945 8,040,000 209,131 115,596 93,535 26.0 14.2 11.6 -1.5 3.39
1946 8,100,000 205,825 120,800 85,025 25.4 14.9 10.5 -3.0 3.29
1947 8,180,000 200,488 110,437 90,051 24.5 13.5 11.0 -1.1 3.14
1948 8,262,000 220,981 107,576 113,405 26.7 13.0 13.7 -3.7 3.42
1949 8,333,000 212,260 117,499 94,761 25.5 14.1 11.4 -2.8 3.23
1950 8,405,000 205,163 102,798 102,365 24.4 12.2 12.2 -3.6 3.1
1951 8,459,000 207,870 105,473 102,397 24.6 12.5 12.1 -5.7 3.1
1952 8,496,000 211,213 100,486 110,727 24.9 11.8 13.0 -8.6 3.1
1953 8,534,000 202,135 97,460 104,675 23.7 11.4 12.3 -7.8 3.1
1954 8,570,000 197,536 95,088 102,448 23.0 11.1 12.0 -7.8 3.1
1955 8,610,000 209,790 99,472 110,318 24.4 11.6 12.8 -8.1 3.1
1956 8,647,000 202,667 106,919 95,748 23.4 12.4 11.1 -6.8 3.11
1957 8,680,000 211,494 101,784 109,710 24.4 11.7 12.6 -8.8 3.12
1958 8,725,000 212,467 91,891 120,576 24.4 10.5 13.8 -8.6 3.13
1959 8,826,000 213,062 97,754 115,308 24.3 11.1 13.1 -1.5 3.15
1960 8,865,000 213,895 95,009 118,886 23.9 10.6 13.3 8.9 3.16
1961 8,929,000 217,516 99,590 117,926 24.3 11.1 13.2 -6.0 3.18
1962 8,994,000 220,200 96,864 123,336 24.4 10.7 13.7 -6.4 3.18
1963 9,031,000 212,152 98,011 114,141 23.4 10.8 12.6 -8.5 3.19
1964 9,034,000 217,136 96,878 120,258 23.8 10.6 13.2 -12.9 3.19
1965 8,999,000 210,299 95,187 115,112 23.0 10.4 12.6 -16.5 3.18
1966 8,931,000 206,940 100,088 106,852 22.7 11.0 12 -19.6 3.16
1967 8,875,000 202,061 95,816 106,245 22.2 10.5 11.7 -18.0 3.13
1968 8,837,000 194,962 94,661 100,301 21.4 10.4 11.0 -15.3 3.09
1969 8,758,000 189,739 101,088 88,651 20.9 11.1 9.7 -18.6 3.05
1970 8,663,252 180,690 92,854 87,836 20.9 10.7 10.1 -20.9 2.99
1971 8,624,258 181,243 98,355 82,888 21.0 11.4 9.6 -14.1 2.99
1972 8,636,603 174,685 90,025 84,660 20.2 10.4 9.8 -8.4 2.85
1973 8,629,598 172,324 95,239 77,085 20.0 11.0 8.9 -9.7 2.76
1974 8,879,127 171,979 96,837 75,142 19.4 10.9 8.5 20.2 2.69
1975 9,307,815 179,648 97,750 81,898 19.3 10.5 8.8 39.5 2.75
1976 9,403,809 186,712 101,843 84,869 19.9 10.8 9.0 1.3 2.81
1977 9,507,536 181,064 95,917 85,147 19.0 10.1 9.0 2.0 2.68
1978 9,608,959 167,467 96,042 71,425 17.4 10.0 7.4 3.3 2.45
1979 9,713,570 160,311 92,566 67,745 16.5 9.5 7.0 3.9 2.31
1980 9,818,980 158,309 94,794 63,515 16.1 9.7 6.5 4.4 2.25
1981 9,883,670 152,071 95,728 56,343 15.4 9.7 5.7 0.9 2.13
1982 9,939,871 151,002 92,379 58,623 15.2 9.3 5.9 -0.2 2.08
1983 9,975,859 144,296 96,179 48,117 14.5 9.6 4.8 -1.2 1.96
1984 10,016,605 142,783 96,975 45,808 14.3 9.7 4.6 -0.5 1.91
1985 10,030,621 130,450 97,085 33,365 13.0 9.7 3.3 -1.9 1.73
1986 10,034,846 126,715 95,521 31,194 12.6 9.5 3.1 -2.7 1.67
1987 10,025,215 123,179 95,102 28,077 12.3 9.5 2.8 -3.8 1.63
1988 10,014,005 122,093 97,844 24,249 12.2 9.8 2.4 -3.5 1.62
1989 9,995,995 118,483 95,743 22,740 11.9 9.6 2.3 -4.1 1.58
1990 9,970,441 116,321 102,768 13,553 11.7 10.3 1.4 -4.0 1.57
1991 9,950,029 116,299 103,882 12,417 11.7 10.4 1.2 -3.2 1.56
1992 9,954,958 114,924 100,638 14,286 11.5 10.1 1.4 -0.9 1.54
1993 9,974,391 113,960 105,950 8,010 11.4 10.6 0.8 1.2 1.52
1994 10,008,659 109,227 99,232 9,995 10.9 9.9 1.0 2.4 1.45
1995 10,043,693 107,097 103,475 3,622 10.7 10.3 0.4 3.1 1.41
1996 10,084,196 110,261 106,881 3,380 10.9 10.6 0.3 3.7 1.45
1997 10,133,758 112,933 104,778 8,155 11.1 10.3 0.8 4.1 1.47
1998 10,186,634 113,384 106,198 7,186 11.1 10.4 0.7 4.5 1.48
1999 10,249,022 116,002 107,871 8,131 11.3 10.5 0.8 5.3 1.51
2000 10,330,774 120,008 105,364 14,644 11.6 10.2 1.4 6.6 1.55
2001 10,394,669 112,774 105,092 7,682 10.8 10.1 0.7 5.5 1.45
2002 10,444,592 114,383 106,258 8,125 11.0 10.2 0.8 4.0 1.47
2003 10,473,050 112,515 108,795 3,720 10.7 10.4 0.4 2.3 1.44
2004 10,494,672 109,298 102,012 7,286 10.4 9.7 0.7 1.4 1.41
2005 10,511,988 109,399 107,464 1,935 10.4 10.2 0.2 1.4 1.42
2006 10,532,588 105,449 101,990 3,459 10.0 9.7 0.3 1.7 1.38
2007 10,553,339 102,492 103,512 -1,020 9.7 9.8 -0.1 2.1 1.35
2008 10,563,014 104,594 104,280 314 9.9 9.9 0.0 0.8 1.40
2009 10,573,479 99,491 104,434 -4,943 9.4 9.9 -0.5 1.5 1.35
2010 10,572,721 101,381 105,954 -4,573 9.6 10.0 -0.4 0.3 1.39
2011 10,558,950 96,856 102,848 -5,992 9.2 9.8 -0.6 -0.7 1.35
2012 10,503,889 89,841 107,612 -17,771 8.6 10.3 -1.7 -3.5 1.28
2013 10,444,092 82,787 106,554 -23,767 7.9 10.2 -2.3 -3.4 1.21
2014 10,395,121 82,367 104,843 -22,476 7.9 10.1 -2.2 -2.5 1.23
2015 10,368,554 85,500 108,539 -23,039 8.3 10.5 -2.2 -0.4 1.30
2016 10,344,478 87,126 110,573 -23,447 8.5 10.7 -2.3 0 1.36
2017 10,335,770 86,154 109,758 -23,604 8.4 10.7 -2.3 1.5 1.37
2018 10,333,496 87,020 113,051 -26,031 8.5 11.0 -2.5 2.3 1.41
2019 10,375,395 86,579 111,843 -25,264 8.4 10.9 -2.4 6.5 1.42
2020 10,394,297 84,530 123,396 -38,866 8.2 12.0 -3.8 5.6 1.40
2021 10,421,117 79,582 124,841 -45,220 7.7 12.1 -4.4 7.0 1.34
2022 10,516,621 83,671 124,311 -40,640 8.0 11.9 -3.9 8.3 1.42
[19]2023 10,639,726 85,699 118,295 -32,596 8.1 11.1 -3.0 14.7 1.44
2024 [20]84,631 [21]118,325 -33,694

Current vital statistics

[22]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - October 2023 71,369 97,172 -25,803
January - October 2024 70,576 98,574 -27,998
Difference Decrease -793 (-1.11%) Negative increase +1,402 (+1.44%) Decrease -2,195

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Official Census 2021): [23]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 4 920 220 5 422 846 10 343 066 100.00
0–4 218 527 207 185 425 712 4.07
5–9 222 278 210 889 433 167 4.14
10–14 251 339 240 793 492 132 4.70
15–19 266 963 255 595 522 558 4.99
20–24 287 540 273 647 560 887 5.36
25–29 280 721 268 129 548 850 5.24
30–34 287 493 284 268 571 761 5.46
35–39 305 503 314 418 619 921 5.92
40–44 351 485 375 132 726 617 6.94
45–49 392 737 423 651 816 388 7.80
50–54 366 189 400 157 766 346 7.32
55–59 351 700 397 580 749 280 7.16
60–64 339 143 386 682 725 825 6.93
65–69 309 373 359 065 668 438 6.39
70–74 282 050 335 766 617 816 5.90
75–79 215 263 278 986 494 249 4.72
80–84 148 007 211 012 359 019 3.43
85+ 125 800 242 600 368 400 3.52
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 692 144 658 867 1 351 011 12.91
15–64 3 272 879 3 335 554 6 608 433 63.13
65+ 1 036 788 1 386 851 2 507 922 23.96
Population by Sex and Age Group (Population Estimate 2023): [24]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 5 083 568 5 556 158 10 639 726 100.00
0–4 221 121 208 651 429 772 4.04
5–9 229 621 218 559 448 180 4.21
10–14 247 542 238 274 485 816 4.57
15–19 269 206 258 900 528 106 4.96
20–24 290 561 280 090 570 651 5.36
25–29 291 928 278 498 570 426 5.36
30–34 300 061 295 770 595 831 5.60
35–39 308 975 316 753 625 728 5.88
40–44 352 038 373 875 725 913 6.82
45–49 394 465 425 996 820 461 7.71
50–54 373 346 409 236 782 582 7.36
55–59 354 591 400 294 754 885 7.09
60–64 344 026 392 774 736 800 6.92
65–69 316 994 368 303 685 297 6.44
70–74 282 121 337 022 619 143 5.82
75–79 225 565 291 354 516 919 4.86
80–84 150 497 213 353 363 850 3.42
85+ 130 910 248 456 379 366 3.57
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 698 284 665 484 1 363 768 12.82
15–64 3 279 197 3 432 186 6 711 383 63.08
65+ 1 106 087 1 458 488 2 564 575 24.10

Maps

  • Population density by municipality in Portugal (2020).
    Population density by municipality in Portugal (2020).
  • Population by municipality in Portugal (2020).
    Population by municipality in Portugal (2020).
  • Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2001 and 2011.
    Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2001 and 2011.
  • Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2011 and 2020.
    Population change by municipality in Portugal between 2011 and 2020.

Other demographic statistics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 412,924—    
600 367,043−0.02%
1100 688,207+0.13%
1400 825,848+0.06%
1500 1,150,000+0.33%
1600 1,840,000+0.47%
1710 2,430,000+0.25%
1810 3,010,000+0.21%
1825 3,390,000+0.80%
1849 3,411,454+0.03%
1864 4,188,419+1.38%
1878 4,550,699+0.59%
1890 5,049,729+0.87%
1900 5,423,132+0.72%
1911 5,969,056+0.88%
1920 6,032,991+0.12%
1930 6,825,883+1.24%
1940 7,722,152+1.24%
1950 8,510,240+0.98%
1960 8,851,240+0.39%
1970 8,648,369−0.23%
1981 9,833,041+1.17%
1991 9,862,540+0.03%
2001 10,356,117+0.49%
2011 10,562,178+0.20%
2021 10,343,066−0.21%
2023 10,639,726+1.42%
Source: INE,[25][26][27][28] Our World in Data[29]
Historical population of Portugal

The following demographic statistics are from the World Population Review.[30]

  • One birth every 7 minutes
  • One death every 5 minutes
  • One net migrant every 53 minutes
  • Net loss of one person every 22 minutes

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[18]

Total population
10,639,726 (2023 official INE estimate)[28]
Age structure of the resident population
2023 official INE estimate:[31]
  • 0-14 years: 12.82% (male 698,284 /female 665,484)
  • 15-64 years: 63.08% (male 3,279,197 /female 3,432,186)
  • 65 years and over: 24.10% (male 1,106,087/female 1,458,488)
Median age
  • total: 46.8 years (2022 official Eurostat data)[32][33]
  • male: 45.1 years
  • female: 48.3 years
Birth rate
8.1 births/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)[34]
Death rate
11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)[35]
Total fertility rate
1.44 children born/woman (2023 official INE estimate)[36]
Net migration rate
14.70 net migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate)[37][38]
Population growth rate
+ 1.17 % (2023 official INE estimate)[31]
Mother's mean age at first birth
30.2 years (2023 official INE estimate)[31]
Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1940
Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 60.3 1990–1995 Increase74.9
1955–1960 Increase62.4 1995–2000 Increase76.0
1960–1965 Increase64.5 2000–2005 Increase77.6
1965–1970 Increase66.4 2005–2010 Increase79.3
1970–1975 Increase68.3 2010–2015 Increase80.5
1975–1980 Increase70.4 2015–2020 Increase81.1
1980–1985 Increase72.5 2020–2024 Increase82.6
1985–1990 Increase74.0

Source: UN World Population Prospects[39]

Infant mortality rate
2022 official INE estimate:[31]
  • total: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 216th
  • male: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births
  • female: 2.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 official INE estimate)[40]
Infant mortality rate
Years[41] 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Deaths/1,000 live births 77.5 88.8 78.6 73.1 69.0 64.9 64.7 59.2 61.1 55.8 55.5 51.9 41.4 44.8 37.9 38.9
Years 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Deaths/1,000 live births 33.4 30.3 29.1 26.0 24.3 21.8 19.8 19.2 16.7 17.8 15.8 14.3 13.0 12.1 10.9 10.8
Years 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Deaths/1,000 live births 9.2 8.6 7.9 7.4 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.3 3.4
Years 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Deaths/1,000 live births 3.3 3.6 2.5 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2 2.7 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.5
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1960 by gender
Dependency ratios
2022 official INE estimate:[31]
  • total dependency ratio: 58.4
  • youth dependency ratio: 20.44
  • elderly dependency ratio: 37.96
  • potential support ratio: 2.63 (2022 INE estimate)
Urbanization
urban population: 73.38% of total population (2020 official INE estimate[42])
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Sex ratio
2022 official INE estimate:
  • at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female[43]
  • under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female[44]
  • 15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
  • total population: 0.90 male(s)/female[45]

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 23.1%. Country comparison to the world: 66th
male: 20.6%
female: 26.2% (2021 est.)

Urban organization

Metropolitan areas and agglomerations

The 25 most and the 25 least populated municipalities of Portugal. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto and Minho are visible.

As of 2023, Portugal had two significant agglomerations: the political metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto – Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (3.0 million) and Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto (1.8 million). Together they host 44.77% of the total population.[46]

Image City Metropolitan area Core municipality
Lisbon 2,961,177 567,131
Porto 1,802,664 248,769

Largest urban areas

When considering the number of inhabitants in consistent single urban areas, de facto cities in mainland Portugal, per the new with increased density of human-created structures, and excluding suburban and rural areas, Portugal has two cities with about one million inhabitants each (Lisbon and Porto), ten others with more than 50,000 inhabitants and 14 cities with populations between 20,000 and 40,000 inhabitants.[47]

Largest cities

Portugal has 151 localities with national city status (cidade). Every city is included into a municipality (município). This is a list of population by city, which means that it refers to the number of inhabitants in the city proper, excluding inhabitants from the same municipality but living outside the urban area of the city in other civil parishes (freguesias) of the municipality. In some cases (e.g. Lisbon), the entire municipality and the city proper cover the same territory.[48][49][50]

Population density of Portugal in 2021, per km2:
  0-49
  50-99
  100-499
  500-999
  1000-1999
  2000+
Rank City name Population Metropolitan area Subregion
1 Lisbon 548,703 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
2 Porto 240,592 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
3 Vila Nova de Gaia 188,443 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
4 Amadora 174,511 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
5 Braga 148,977 Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho Cávado
6 Coimbra 106,655 Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra Baixo Mondego
7 Funchal 106,429 Madeira
8 Setúbal 98,470 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
9 Almada 88,202 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
10 Agualva-Cacém 81,006 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
11 Queluz 73,047 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
12 Rio Tinto 65,469 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
13 Barreiro 62,860 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
14 Aveiro 62,130 Baixo Vouga
15 Viseu 60,570 Dão-Lafões
16 Odivelas 58,170 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
17 Guimarães 54,750 Ave
18 Leiria 54,540 Pinhal Litoral
19 Faro 49,360 Algarve
20 Matosinhos 49,034 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
21 Loures 46,246 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
22 Portimão 43,810 Algarve
23 Póvoa de Varzim 41,206 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
24 Amora 41,140 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
25 Maia 40,534 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
26 Évora 40,373 Alentejo Central
27 Montijo 40,130 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
28 Ponta Delgada 40,050 Açores
29 Santa Maria da Feira 39,576 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Entre Douro e Vouga
30 Ermesinde 38,570 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto

Largest municipalities by population

The following table lists the largest Portuguese municipalities by population as of 2023. The land area is expressed in km2 and only municipalities with populations of over 100,000 inhabitants are listed.[2] The 26 listed municipalities account for 46.10% of the country's population and for only 5.14% of its total land area.[51]

View of residential building in Amadora, one of the most densely populated municipalities in Portugal and more densely populated than Hong Kong
Rank Municipality Population Land Area Density Metropolitan area
1 Lisbon 567,131 100.05 5,668.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
2 Sintra 395,528 319.23 1,239.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
3 Vila Nova de Gaia 311,223 168.46 1,847.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
4 Porto 248,769 41.42 6,006.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
5 Cascais 219,636 97.40 2,255.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
6 Loures 207,065 167.24 1,238.1 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
7 Braga 201,583 183.40 1,099.1
8 Almada 181,232 70.21 2,581.3 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
9 Matosinhos 179,558 62.42 2,876.6 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
10 Amadora 178,253 23.78 7,495.9 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
11 Oeiras 175,677 45.88 3,829.1 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
12 Seixal 173,163 95.50 1,813.2 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
13 Gondomar 168,582 131.86 1,278.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
14 Guimarães 156,789 240.95 650.7
15 Odivelas 153,708 26.54 5,791.6 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
16 Coimbra 144,822 319.40 453.4
17 Maia 142,594 82.99 1,718.2 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
18 Santa Maria da Feira 139,837 215.88 647.8 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
19 Vila Franca de Xira 139,452 318.19 438.3 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
20 Vila Nova de Famalicão 135,994 201.59 674.6
21 Leiria 133,795 565.09 236.8
22 Setúbal 123,548 230.33 536.4 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
23 Barcelos 117,005 378.90 308.8
24 Funchal 107,562 76.14 1,412.7
25 Viseu 101,977 507.10 201.1
26 Valongo 100,166 75.12 1,333.4 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto

People

Main article: Portuguese people

Nationality

noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Portugal
Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021

In 1992, 1.3% of the population was foreign, by 2023 the number had grown to almost 10% or 1,044,606 people.[52]

Since the independence of the former African colonies, Portugal saw a steady immigration from Africa, most notably Cape Verde, Angola and Guinea-Bissau, but also São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and former Portuguese India in Asia.

Portugal saw migration waves due to labor shortages since 1999, first from Eastern Europe (1999–2002), in two distinctive groups, a Slav (Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria) and an East Latin (Romania and Moldova), that stopped and started declining as the labour market became saturated.

Since 2003, most of the immigrants came from Brazil, China and the Indian subcontinent. Family reunification was seen as important for a successful integration in the country, thus the government eased it, and in 2006, more than 6 in 10 new immigrants were family members of legal foreign residents in the country.[53]

There is also a significant number of elderly Western European residents in search of quality of life, namely from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.

More recently, there is significant migration from the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, as since 2017 more than 30,000 Brazilians immigrate to Portugal annually.

Below is a summary table of the main foreign nationalities present in Portugal according to the latest AIMA data.[52] As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,044,606 legally resident people in Portugal with foreign citizenship (about 9.82% of the population). These include both citizens born in Portugal with foreign citizenship and foreign immigrants. Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens (see also Portuguese nationality law). Among the latter are also naturalized citizens whose data are reported in the next table.

Biggest foreign nationality by district.
Largest groups of foreign residents as of 01.01.2024
Nationality Population[52]
 Brazil 368,449
 Angola 55,589
 Cape Verde 48,885
 United Kingdom 47,409
 India 44,051
European Union Italy 36,227
 Guinea-Bissau 32,535
   Nepal 29,972
 China 27,873
European Union France 27,549
 São Tomé and Príncipe 26,460
 Bangladesh 25,666
 Ukraine 23,499
European Union Germany 22,858
European Union Romania 20,881
European Union Spain 20,573
 Pakistan 17,148
 United States of America 14,126
European Union Netherlands 13,592
 Russia 10,901
Other countries (below 10,000) 130,363
Foreign-born naturalised citizens in Portugal by 2020.

Below is a summary table of Portuguese citizenship acquisitions by foreigners residing in the country recorded between 2008 and 2022 for countries having recorded at least 1,000 naturalizations during the given timespan. During this period, 342,458 people (3.27% of the current Portuguese population) obtained Portuguese citizenship according to the latest Eurostat data. These people are not counted among foreigners (see above table) as they are Portuguese citizens in all respects.[54]

Nationality Acquisitions of Citizenship
(2008–2022)[55][56]
 Brazil 89,713
 Cape Verde 55,109
 Ukraine 32,722
 Guinea-Bissau 27,043
 Angola 25,805
 Moldova 19,212
 São Tomé and Príncipe 14,990
 India 12,202
European Union Romania 6,922
   Nepal 6,473
 Russia 5,540
 Pakistan 5,288
Other countries (below 5,000) 41,439

Net migration

Portugal Net migration by region[57]
Year Portugal Mainland Azores Madeira
2011 -25,178 -22,661 -821 -1,696
2012 -37,290 -34,127 -955 -2,208
2013 -36,029 -32,739 -985 -2,305
2014 -26,495 -21,293 -2,066 -3,136
2015 -3,528 476 -1,573 -2,431
2016 -629 2,222 -1,400 -1,451
2017 14,896 16,695 -1,117 -682
2018 23,757 24,720 -1,094 131
2019 67,163 66,634 -575 1,104
2020 57,768 54,889 839 2,040
2021 72,040 68,616 1,500 1,924
2022 136,144 131,449 1,973 2,722
2023 155,701 150,882 1,227 3,592

Ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities

See also: Immigration to Portugal, Racism in Portugal, and Romani people in Portugal

Portugal does not collect ethnicity or racial data of its population.[58]

Anti-racism laws prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in housing, business, and health services.

Discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other state services is illegal. The law mandates access to public buildings and to newly built private buildings for such persons.

Languages

Main article: Portuguese language
Map of Portuguese language dialects in Portugal.

The main language spoken as first language by the overwhelming majority of the population is Portuguese.[59] Other autochthonous languages spoken include:

Religion

Main articles: Religion in Portugal, Lusitanian Catholic Apostolic Evangelical Church, and Our Lady of Fátima

Religion in Portugal (Census 2021)[69]

  Roman Catholicism (80.20%)
  Protestantism (2.13%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.72%)
  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.69%)
  Other Christian (1.04%)
  Islam (0.42%)
  Hinduism (0.22%)
  Buddhism (0.19%)
  Judaism (0.03%)
  Other religion (0.28%)
  No religion (14.09%)

The great majority of the Portuguese population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. Religious observance remains strong in northern areas, while the population of Lisbon and southern areas are generally less devout.

Religious minorities include a little over 400,000 Protestants and Mormons[70][71][72] (3.84% of the total population).

There are also about 100,000 Muslims[73] (1%) and 45,000 Hindus[74][75][76] (0.43%), most of whom came from Goa, a former Portuguese colony on the west coast of India (Some Muslims also came from former two Portuguese African colonies with important Muslim minorities: Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique).

There are also about 1,500 Jews,[77] 2,000 Baha'i[78] and 35,000 Sikh[74] (0.34%)

Portugal is also home to about 17,000 Buddhists,[79] mostly Chinese from Macau and a few Indians from Goa.

Portugal is still one of the most religious countries in Europe, most Portuguese believe with certainty in the Existence of God and religion plays an important role in the life of most Portuguese.[80][81] According to the Pew Research Center, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily.[82]

Religious map of Portuguese municipalities

Religion by municipality according with the 2021 Census.

Percentage of Catholics by municipality.
Percentage of Other Christians by municipality.
Percentage of Other religions (Non-Christians) by municipality.
Percentage of non religious by municipality.

Education

Carolina Michaelis highschool in Cedofeita

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2021 official INE estimate)[83]

total population: 96.92%
male: 97.90%
female: 96.04%
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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