Chino (fem. china) was a casta term used in colonial Mexico to refer to people of mixed ancestry. In the eighteenth century, individuals of mixed Amerindian and African ancestry came to be called chinos.[1]
Historical usage
A Mexican Inquisition bigamy case in Mexico City labeled one woman variously as a china, loba ("wolf"), and parda ("dark skinned"), one example of a person shifting racial categorization.[2] In marriage applications where individuals had to include the names of their parents, chinos tended not to know this information.[3]
When painters produced in the eighteenth century formal depictions of "castes" as envisioned by members of the elite, the term chino appears with no fixed definition. These paintings show father of one racial category, mother of another, and the offspring yet a third category. In Mexican casta paintings, a ‘’chino’’ could refer to offspring of a Lobo (African + Indigenous) and Negra (pure African woman); Lobo and India (pure Indigenous woman); Mulatto (European + Negra) and an India; a Coyote and a Mulata; a Spaniard and Morisca (light-skinned woman with African ancestry); and a Chamicoyote and Indian woman.[4]
Mecos and Mecas, even though they are many, they are all similar
Español con India, Mestizo
Mestizo con Española, Castizo
Castiza con Español, Española
Español con Negra, Mulato
Mulato con Española, Morisca
Morisco con Española, Chino
Chino con India, Salta atrás
Salta atrás con Mulata, Lobo
Lobo con China, Gíbaro [Jíbaro]
Gíbaro con Mulata, Albarazado#
Albarazado con Negra, Cambujo
Cambujo con India, Sambaiga (Zambaiga)
Sambaigo con Loba, Calpamulato
Calpamulto con Cambuja, Tente en el aire
Tente en el aire con Mulata, No te entiendo
No te entiendo con India, Torna atrás
Contemporary usage
In 1821 with Mexican Independence from Spain, the new nation abolished the colonial-era, legal racial categories, with unequal privileges and restrictions. The various casta terms generally fell out of popular usage and eventually a new, all-encompassing Mexican Mestizo identity emerged.
However, the use of Chino has survived in modern Mexican Spanish via the term pelo chino (Chino hair) when referring to curly hair. Although chino can mean Chinese in standard Spanish, the chino in pelo chino does not refer to Chinese people. Rather it refers to the curly hair of the Chino casta.[7] Alluding to an intermediate hair type that is between the afro-textured hair of Africans and the straight hair of Europeans.[7]
See also
Asian Mexicans, also referred to as "chinos" or "indios chinos" during the colonial era.
References
^Slack, Edward R. “The Chinos in New Spain: A Corrective Lens for a Distorted Image.” Journal of World History 20, no. 1 (2009): 35-67
^Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, pp. 64-65.
