The name Bury is etymologically connected with borough,[7] which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as German Burg 'fortress, castle' and Bereich '(defined) area' Old Norseborg 'wall, castle'; and Gothicbaurg 'city'.[8] They all derive from Proto-Germanic*burgs 'fortress'. This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh 'fortified elevation', with cognates including Welshbera 'stack' and Sanskritbhrant- 'high, elevated building'.
The second section of the name refers to Edmund King of the East Angles, called Edmund the Martyr, who was killed by the Vikings in the year 869. He became venerated as a saint and a martyr, and his shrine made Bury St Edmunds an important place of pilgrimage.
The formal name of the diocese is "St Edmundsbury", and the town is colloquially known as Bury.
An archaeological study in the 2010s on the outskirts of Bury St Edmunds (Beodericsworth, Bedrichesworth, St Edmund's Bury) uncovered evidence of Bronze Age activity in the area. The dig also uncovered Roman coins from the first and second centuries.[9] Samuel Lewis, writing in 1848, notes the earlier discovery of Roman antiquities, and as with several other writers connects Bury St Edmunds with Villa Faustini or Villa Faustina, although the location of this Roman site is also discussed by E. Gillingwater (1804), who notes the lack of evidence for it being here.[10][11][12]
The town was one of the royal boroughs of the Saxons.[10]Sigebert, king of the East Angles, founded a monastery here about 633, which in 903 became the burial place of King Edmund the Martyr, who was slain by the Danes in 869, and owed most of its early celebrity to the reputed miracles performed at the shrine of the martyr king. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage. By 925 the fame of St Edmund had spread far and wide, and the name of the town was changed to St Edmund's Bury.
In 942 or 945, King Edmund I had granted to the abbot and convent jurisdiction over the whole town, free from all secular services, and Canute in 1020 freed it from episcopal control. Later, Edward the Confessor made the abbot lord of the franchise. The older monastery was destroyed and, the secular priests having been expelled, a new Benedictine abbey was built.[13] Count Alan Rufus is said to have been interred at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in 1093. In the 12th and 13th centuries the head of the de Hastings family, who held the Lordship of the Manor of Ashill in Norfolk, was hereditary Steward of this abbey.[14]
Early view of Moyses Hall, today Moyses Hall Museum
The town was for a time the home of a thriving Jewish community, and it is likely, although not certain, that Moyse's Hall belonged to a Jewish merchant.[15] On 18 March 1190, two days after the more well-known massacre of Jews at Clifford Tower in York, the people of Bury St Edmunds massacred 57 Jews.[16][17] Later that year, Abbot Samson successfully petitioned King Richard I for permission to evict the town's remaining Jewish inhabitants "on the grounds that everything in the town... belonged by right to St Edmund: therefore, either the Jews should be St Edmund's men or they should be banished from the town."[18] This expulsion predates the Edict of Expulsion by 100 years. In 1198, a fire burned the shrine of St Edmund, leading to the inspection of his corpse by Abbot Samson and the translation of St Edmund's body to a new location in the abbey.[18]
The town is associated with Magna Carta. In 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the abbey church and sworn to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of Magna Carta,[13] a copy of which was displayed in the town's cathedral during the 2014 celebrations. By various grants from the abbots, the town gradually attained the rank of a borough.
Henry III in 1235 granted to the abbot two annual fairs, one in December and the other the great St Matthew's fair, which was abolished by the Fairs Act of 1871.[13] In 1327, the Great Riot occurred, in which the local populace led an armed revolt against the abbey.[19] The riot destroyed the main gate, and a new, fortified gate was built in its stead.[19] On 11 April 1608 a great fire broke out in Eastgate Street, which resulted in 160 dwellings and 400 outhouses being destroyed.[19]
The town developed into a flourishing cloth-making town, with a large woollen trade, by the 14th century.[19] In 1405 Henry IV granted another fair.[13]
Elizabeth I in 1562 confirmed the charters which former kings had granted to the abbots. The reversion of the fairs and two markets on Wednesday and Saturday were granted by James I in fee farm to the corporation. James I in 1606 granted a charter of incorporation with an annual fair in Easter week and a market. James granted further charters in 1608 and 1614, as did Charles II in 1668 and 1684.[13]
Parliaments were held in the borough in 1272, 1296 and 1446, but the borough was not represented until 1608, when James I conferred on it the privilege of sending two members.[13] The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 reduced the representation to one.[13]
The borough of Bury St Edmunds and the surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, being part of the Eastern Association, supported Puritan sentiment during the first half of the 17th century. By 1640, several families had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the wave of emigration that occurred during the Great Migration.[20] Bury's ancient grammar school also educated such notables as the puritan theologian Richard Sibbes, master of St Catherine's Hall in Cambridge, antiquary and politician Simonds d'Ewes, and John Winthrop the Younger,[21] who became governor of Connecticut.
The town was the setting for witch trials between 1599 and 1694.[22]
Near the abbey gardens stands Britain's first internally illuminated street sign, the Pillar of Salt, which was built in 1935. The sign is at the terminus of the A1101, Great Britain's lowest road which is mostly below sea level.
There is a network of tunnels which are evidence of chalk-workings,[28] though there is no evidence of extensive tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have inter-communicating cellars. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing has been granted to individuals. Some have caused subsidence within living memory, for instance at Jacqueline Close.[29]
Bury St Edmunds has one of the full-time fire stations run by Suffolk Fire and Rescue Service. Originally located in the Traverse (now the Halifax bank),[33] it moved to Fornham Road in 1953. The Fornham Road site (now Mermaid Close) closed in 1987 and the fire station moved to its current location on Parkway North.[34]
Since March 2015, Bury St Edmunds has been the home town of the London and South East Regional Divorce Unit and the Maintenance Enforcement Business Centre (for issues with maintenance payments outside Greater London). The former processes divorce documents from across London and South East England as one of five centralised units covering the United Kingdom. Both units are based with Bury St Edmunds County Court in Triton House, St Andrews Street North.
Geography
Bury is located in the middle of an undulating area of East Anglia known as the East Anglian Heights, with land to the east and west of the town rising to above 100 metres (330 ft), though parts of the town itself are as low as 30 m (100 ft) above sea level where the Rivers Lark and Linnet pass through it.
Climate
There are two Met Office reporting stations in the vicinity of Bury St Edmunds, Brooms Barn (elevation 76 m or 249 ft), 6+1⁄2 miles (10 kilometres) west of the town centre, and Honington (elevation 51 m or 167 ft), about 6+1⁄2 mi (10 km) north. According to Usman Majeed, head of Honington, the latter ceased weather observations in 2003, while Brooms Barn remains operational. Brooms Barn's record maximum temperature stands at 36.7 °C (98.1 °F), recorded in August 2003.[35] The lowest recent temperature was −10.0 °C (14.0 °F)[36] during December 2010.
Rainfall is generally low, at under 600 mm (24 in), and spread fairly evenly throughout the year.
In the centre of Bury St Edmunds lie the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the abbey gardens. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles. The abbey was sacked by the townspeople in the 14th century and then largely destroyed during the 16th century with the Dissolution of the Monasteries, but the town remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, only falling into relative decline with the Industrial Revolution.
Anglican Churches
Until the building of St John's in 1840, the town had just two parishes, St James's and St Mary's.[38] The former has now become the cathedral. The town now has seven Anglican churches in six parishes, St Peter's being in the same parish as St Mary's.[39]
St James' parish church became St Edmundsbury Cathedral when the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was formed in 1914. The cathedral was extended with an eastern end in the 1960s. A new Gothic revival cathedral tower was built as part of a Millennium project running from 2000 to 2005. The opening for the tower took place in July 2005, and included a brass band concert and fireworks. Parts of the cathedral remain uncompleted, including the cloisters. The tower makes St Edmundsbury the most recently completed Anglican cathedral in the UK, and was constructed using original fabrication techniques by six masons who placed the machine-cut stones individually as they arrived.
St Mary's Church is the civic church of Bury St Edmunds and the third largest parish church in England. It was part of the abbey complex and originally was one of three large churches in the town (the others being St James, now St Edmundsbury Cathedral, and St Margaret's, now gone). It is renowned for its magnificent hammer-beam "angel" roof, and is the final resting place of Mary Tudor, Queen of France, Duchess of Suffolk and favourite sister of Henry VIII. St Mary's is also home to the Chapel of the Suffolk and Royal Anglian Regiments.
St Edmund's Catholic Church, located in Westgate Street, is the Roman Catholic parish church of Bury St Edmunds. Founded by the Jesuits in 1763, the present church building is grade II listed. It was built in 1837. It is administered by the Diocese of East Anglia in its Bury St Edmunds deanery.
Former churches
Bury St Edmunds has several former church and chapel buildings:
Methodist Chapel, 4A St Mary's Square (converted to residential)[58]
Rehoboth Strict Baptist Chapel, Out Westgate (now called Chapel House)[59][60]
Victory Congregational Chapel, Northgate Street (converted to commercial)[61][62]
Chapel, St Botolph's Lane (now called Old Mission House)[63]
The Theatre Royal was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819 and is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country.[64] The theatre, owned by the Greene King brewery, is leased to the National Trust for a nominal charge, and underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours. In August 2023, the Theatre Royal closed suddenly due to fire safety issues.[65]
An additional arts venue, The Apex, was built on the site of the former cattle market in 2010.[66]
The Market Cross, today a community space, is a building restored by Robert Adam in 1780s.[68] Between 1972 and 2018 the Market Cross was an art gallery called "Smiths Row", hosting a programme of changing contemporary art and craft exhibitions and events by British and international artists.[69]
The town holds several festivals a year. The largest festival is held in May and includes concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers culminating in fireworks. There was an annual Christmas Fair in the town up until 2019, with food, drink, local crafts and fairground rides available, stretching from the Abbey Gardens to the Arc Shopping Centre. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).
Suffolk County Cricket Club play occasional games at the Victory Ground, which is also the home ground of Bury St Edmunds Cricket Club. The cricket club previously played at Cemetry Road. Bury St Edmunds Rugby Football Club has an extensive history,[71] including the devastating plane crash that killed several members who had attended a 1974 Five Nations Championship match. Eastgate Amateur Boxing club was established in 1981. The club has been headquartered at various locations in and around the town, but are now training in an old World War I gym in Rougham. West Suffolk Swimming Club formed in 1998 from the merger of two local swimming clubs and operates from pools in Bury St Edmunds, Haverhill and Culford. West Suffolk Athletics Club are based at the West Suffolk College sports ground.[72]
Media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from the Tacolneston TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter. [73] The town’s local radio stations are BBC Radio Suffolk on 104.6 FM, Heart East on 96.4 FM and RWSfm on 103.3 FM, a community radio station that broadcast from the town. The local newspapers are the East Anglian Daily Times and Bury Free Press.
Public houses
Many pubs in the town have closed over the years, but the town still has a variety of pubs[74][75]
Greene King, is situated in Bury St Edmunds, as is the smaller Old Cannon Brewery. Just outside the town, on the site of RAF Bury St Edmunds, is Bartrums Brewery, originally based in Thurston, and to the north is the Brewshed brewery, located in Ingham.
The Greene King pub The Nutshell is situated in the centre of the town, and is one of several that claim to be Britain's smallest public house.[81]
Sugar beet
Bury's largest landmark is the British Sugar factory near the A14, which processes sugar beet into refined crystal sugar. It was built in 1925 when the town's MP, Walter Guinness, was Minister of Agriculture, and for many of its early years was managed by Martin Neumann, former manager of a sugar beet refinery in Šurany, then part of Czechoslovakia. Neumann was invited by the British government to oversee the refinement of sugar in Bury St Edmunds and, with his family, immigrated to the United Kingdom. The actor and writer Stephen Fry is a grandson of Martin Neumann, as recounted in the BBC programme Who Do You Think You Are?
The refinery processes beet from 1,300 growers. 660 lorry-loads of beet can be accepted each day when beet is being harvested. Not all the beet can be crystallised immediately, and some is kept in solution in holding tanks until late spring and early summer, when the plant has spare crystallising capacity. The sugar is sold under the Silver Spoon name (the other major British brand, Tate & Lyle, is made from imported sugar cane). By-products include molassed sugar beet feed for cattle and LimeX70, a soil improver. The factory has its own power station,[82] which powers around 110,000 homes. A smell of burnt starch from the plant is noticeable on some days.[83]
Governance
Parish level
The town council was formed in 2003.[84] The election on 3 May 2007 was won by the "Abolish Bury Town Council" party.[85] The party lost its majority following a by-election in June 2007 and, to date, the town council is still in existence.[86]
In March 2008 a further by-election put Conservatives in control but in the council election of May 2011 the lack of Conservative and other parties' candidates resulted a Labour majority before the election was held.[87] By 2013 a number of by-elections put Conservatives in control again[88] and in the 2015 election Conservatives won 14 of the 17 vacancies.[89] In 2020 it was announced that the town council would meet in the Guildhall, the historic home of the borough council between 1606 and 1966.[90]
District level
Bury St Edmunds has been part of the non-metropolitan district West Suffolk since April 2019.[91] Before April 2019 Bury St Edmunds was part of the district and borough of St Edmundsbury which in turn was created in April 1974 as a result of the merger of several smaller districts, including the Borough of Bury St Edmunds which had been established in 1835.[92] This led to the loss of the town's borough status which had been held since 1606.[93] No charter trustees have taken on the charter.
West Suffolk Council has offices in Bury St Edmunds at West Suffolk House, Western Way.[94]
Bury St Edmunds has been in the unified county of Suffolk since April 1974.[92] Previously the town had been part of the county of West Suffolk of which Bury St Edmunds was the county town. The county of West Suffolk had been established in 1889.[95]
Since 2009, Suffolk County Council has its Bury St Edmunds offices at West Suffolk House.[96]
Bury St Edmunds is also the main town of the Westminster parliamentary constituency also named Bury St Edmunds. Since becoming a single-seat constituency in 1885 it has always returned Conservative MPs. The current representative, Jo Churchill, was first elected in the 2015 general election.[97]
State-funded primary schools that serve the town are Howard, Westgate, Hardwick, Sebert Wood, Abbot's Green, Sexton's Manor, Guildhall Feoffment, St Edmund's, St Edmundsbury and Tollgate Primary Schools.
In 2019 the town's first Sixth Form College, Abbeygate Sixth Form College, opened. It is located on Beeton's Way. Upon its opening, King Edward VI School has closed its Sixth Form provision.[114]
The town's largest further education provider is West Suffolk College, with over 10,000 students studying with the college every year.[116] The college was set to expand in September 2018, following a £7m government grant to help pay for an £8m energy, engineering and manufacturing teaching centre.[117] From 2015, students have been able to study foundation and undergraduate degrees at the University of Suffolk at West Suffolk College.[118]
The main interchange for bus and coach services for Bury St Edmunds is the bus and coach station, located on St Andrews Street North in the town centre. Bus services link the town centre with the main residential housing areas of the town. From November 2012 Sunday bus services were introduced over some of these routes. There are regular bus services to the neighbouring towns of Brandon, Cambridge, Diss, Haverhill, Ipswich, Mildenhall, Newmarket, Stowmarket, Sudbury and Thetford and many of the villages in between. Daily National Express coach services between Victoria Coach Station in London and Bury stop at the town's bus and coach station, as does the cross-country service between Clacton-on-Sea and Liverpool which travels via Cambridge, Peterborough, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester.
Author Norah Lofts, though born in Shipdham, Norfolk, bases many of her stories in Baildon, a fictionalised Bury St Edmunds, where she was educated and lived.[120]
Arms
Coat of arms of Bury St Edmunds
Notes
Granted 29 November 1606
Crest
On a wreath of the colours a wolf sejant Proper holding a king's head couped at the neck of the last crowned Or.
Escutcheon
Azure three open crowns Or each transfixed with two arrows in saltire [points downward] Argent.
Motto
Sacrarium Regis Cunabula Legis (The Shrine Of The King And The Cradle Of The Law)[121]
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^ abcdefgEncyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Vol. 4. p. 868.
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^ abcdStatham, Margaret (1988). The Book of Bury St Edmunds. Buckingham, England: Barracuda Books. pp. 12–13. ISBN0-86023-405-3.
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^Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, 18.
^Notestein, WallaceA History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718, American Historical Association 1911 (reissued 1965) New York Russell & Russell,OCLC223043
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