Brian Gregory Keating (born September 9, 1971) is an American cosmologist. He works on observations of the cosmic microwave background, leading the POLARBEAR2 and Simons Array experiments. He also conceived the first BICEP experiment. He received his PhD in 2000, and is a distinguished professor of physics at University of California, San Diego, since 2019. He is the author of two books, Losing The Nobel Prize and Into the Impossible.
Personal life
Keating was born on September 9, 1971,[1] the son of the mathematician James Ax,[2] and his wife Barbara.[3] When he was about seven, his parents divorced and his mother remarried, and the young Brian took his stepfather's name, Keating. He was out of contact with his father for the next 15 years, reconnecting only when he was a graduate student. Keating grew up in Dobbs Ferry, New York.[3] He has 3 brothers. Kevin, Nick and Shaya.[2]
As a youth, Keating was a member of the Catholic Church, although he has reported that his mother and stepfather were non-observant Jews. He later became an atheist, and subsequently he became Jewish, currently describing himself as a "practicing devout agnostic".[2]
Keating researches cosmology, focusing on the study of the cosmic microwave background and its relationship to the origin and evolution of the universe.[18] He conceived the BICEP (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) instrument, which observed from the South Pole.[19] BICEP received a NASA Group Achievement Award in 2010.[20] In 2016 he convinced the Simons Foundation, controlled by his biological father's business partner and former classmate, to provide US$38.4m of funding for what later became the Simons Array,[21] and in 2019 a US$20m grant from the Simons Foundation led to the creation of the Simons Observatory,[22] followed by an additional US$4.6m in 2021.[23] Keating co-leads POLARBEAR2 and the Simons Array in Chile,[15] and has raised around US$100m of funding for CMB telescopes.[24] He has two patents, on a "wide-bandwidth polarization modulator for microwave and mm-wavelengths" in 2009,[25] and "Tunnel junction fabrication" in 2016.[26]
Podcast and outreach
Keating has hosted the Clarke Center Into the Impossible podcast since 2016.[5] It takes its name from the second of Clarke's three laws: "The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible." Each episode is a long-form conversation with nobel laureates, scientists, writers and other notable individuals such as Stephen C. Meyer (an advocate of the pseudoscience of intelligent design[28][29]), Noam Chomsky, Eric Weinstein, Jill Tarter, Sara Seager, and nobel prize winners interviewed for his books,[16] lasting around an hour. As of 2022[update] it has hosted 11 Nobel Prize winners and two recipients of the Pulitzer Prize.[24] It reached 200,000 subscribers in 2024.[30]
He also teaches astronomy to high school students since 2012 as part of his outreach work,[15][5] and has given presentations to over 3,000 K-12 students since 1994.[5]
Keating is critical of the way that Nobel Prizes are organized, saying that "No scientist arrives alone in Stockholm." He has written two books on the topic.[37] The Nobel Prize was a motivating factor in Keating's career due to his academic rivalry with his father.[38]
Losing The Nobel Prize (2018)
Keating published his first book Losing the Nobel Prize: A Story of Cosmology, Ambition, and the Perils of Science’s Highest Honor on April 24, 2018.[3][19] The book describes the BICEP and BICEP2 experiments, which were located at the South Pole and were devised to detect and map the polarization of the cosmic microwave background radiation leftover from the Big Bang. BICEP2's data showed strong polarization signals that were announced to be cosmological in origin, but were later shown by Planck satellite data to be caused by polarized interstellar dust.
The first part of the book describes the background behind cosmological inflation, and the second covers BICEP2. The third section focuses on Keating's issues with the Nobel Prize, including lack of diversity in the recipients, that the prize can't be awarded posthumously,[18] the maximum of three laureates per prize, which excludes larger groups from receiving it,[39] and the secrecy around nominations. According to Keating, all of these "reward an outdated version of science",[40] and "better science comes from inclusivity, collaboration, and innovation".[19] He argues that the science Nobel Prizes have strayed from the original intent of Alfred Nobel's will, and may hinder scientific progress by fostering unnecessary, and sometimes destructive, competition.[41] He proposed that half a Nobel prize should go to the leaders of a collaboration, with the other half awarded to the rest of the team of scientists working on the project.[42]