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Alice Schwarzer
Alice Sophie Schwarzer[1] (born 3 December 1942) is a German journalist and prominent feminist. She is founder and publisher of the German feminist journal EMMA. Beginning in France, she became a forerunner of feminist positions against anti-abortion laws, for economic self-sufficiency for women, against pornography, prostitution, female genital mutilation, and for a position on women in Islam. She authored many books, including biographies of Romy Schneider, Marion Dönhoff, and herself. Biography and positionsSchwarzer was born in Wuppertal, the daughter of a young single mother,[2] and was raised by her grandparents in Wuppertal;[3] she described them as anti-Nazis.[4] During World War II, they were evacuated to Bavaria, only returning to the Ruhr district in 1950.[4] After learning French in Paris, Schwarzer began a trainee job in journalism in Düsseldorf in 1966,[2][4] and was sent to Paris as a correspondent.[3] From 1970 to 1974, she worked as a freelancer for different media outlets in Paris. At the same time, she studied psychology and sociology in classes lectured by Michel Foucault, among others.[2] Schwarzer met Jean-Paul Sartre and Daniel Cohn-Bendit.[4] She was one of the founders of the Feminist Movement in Paris (Mouvement de libération des femmes, MLF), and also spread their ideas to Germany.[3] In April 1971, Schwarzer joined Simone de Beauvoir, Jeanne Moreau, Catherine Deneuve, and 340 French women in publicly announcing that they had had illegal abortions, in a successful campaign to legalize abortion in France.[4] She convinced the Stern magazine to do something similar in Germany;[3] and in June 1971, Schwarzer and 374 German women, including Romy Schneider and Senta Berger, confessed that they had an abortion in a successful campaign to legalize abortion in Germany.[4] Decades later, Schwarzer revealed she had never had an abortion.[3] She called her project Frauen gegen den § 218 ("Women against Section 218", which was the section of the German Penal Code that makes abortion illegal). In autumn 1971, Schwarzer released her first book of the same title. The illegality of abortion was upheld by the German Constitutional Court abortion decision, 1975.[3] One of Schwarzer's best-known books is Der kleine Unterschied und seine großen Folgen (The little difference and its great consequences), which was released in 1975 and made her famous beyond Germany.[3] It was translated into eleven languages. Since its release, Schwarzer has become Germany's most high-profile but also most controversial feminist.[3]  One of her goals was the realization of economic self-sufficiency for women. She argued against the law that required married women to obtain permission from their husbands before beginning paid work outside the home. This provision was removed in 1976.[3] In January 1977, the first issue of her magazine EMMA was published,[2] her focus of work as chief editor and publisher for the following years.[3] With her PorNo campaign, started in 1987, she advocated the banning of pornography in Germany,[2] arguing that pornography violates the dignity of women, constitutes a form of media violence against them, and contributes to misogyny and physical violence against women. The ongoing campaign has not been met with much success.[5] From 1992 to 1993, Schwarzer was host of the TV show Zeil um Zehn on German TV channel Hessischer Rundfunk.[2] With her frequent appearances in German TV talk shows, she has become an institution on German television in all matters related to feminism.[6]  When EMMA changed to bimonthly release in 1993, she continued to write an increasing number of books, among them one about Petra Kelly and Gert Bastian, called Eine tödliche Liebe (Deadly Love), and biographies of Romy Schneider and Marion Dönhoff. In total, she has released 19 books as a writer, and 21 as publisher, as of 2014.[2] Regarding prostitution in Germany, she campaigned against the law of 2002 that fully legalized brothels. She views prostitution as violence against women, and favors laws like those in Sweden, where the sale of sexual acts is legal, but their purchase is not.[7] She published an autobiography, Lebenslauf (Curriculum vitae), in 2011.[3] She has been highly critical of political Islamism and the position of women in Islam; she favors prohibitions against women in public schools or other public settings wearing the hijab, which she considers a symbol of oppression. She has warned of a creeping Islamicization of Europe, which, in her opinion, would lead to an erosion of human rights, especially women's rights.[8] She has written in favor of the continued legality of circumcision of male children.[9] In June 2018, Schwarzer married her long-time life and business partner Bettina Flitner.[10] Her most recent book, Transsexualität. Was ist eine Frau? Was ist ein Mann? Eine Streitschrift (2022), she claims that transgender people, which she calls "transgenderism", are a trend and advocates for retaining protections exclusively for cisgender women. For this, she has been criticised as transphobic.[11] Furthermore, she claims that transgender people are homosexual people that do not want to be homosexual and promotes the rapid-onset gender dysphoria theory, which has been widely criticized for being scientifically unsupported.[12][13] She has also been called a TERF for these reasons.[14] In February 2023, she and Sahra Wagenknecht wrote the Manifest für Frieden (lit. 'Manifesto for peace'), a petition against the delivery of weapons to Ukraine.[15] Tax fraudIn the 1980s, Schwarzer set up an account at the Zürich-based private bank Lienhardt & Partner to keep her assets hidden from German tax authorities.[16] During the following years, Schwarzer transferred earnings gained from book sales and public presentations to this Swiss bank account, thus avoiding taxation in Germany. Including interest and compound interest, her illegal assets piled up to an amount of 4 million euros.[16] According to Section 371 of the German tax code ("Abgabenordnung"), the perpetrator of a tax fraud may avoid punishment if he or she admits to the offence and provides full disclosure of unpaid taxes to the authorities (German: strafbefreiende Selbstanzeige). Schwarzer attempted to make such disclosure in secret to German tax authorities. However, in February 2014, the German newspaper Der Spiegel wrote an investigative article on the topic, turning the whole affair public.[17] As a reaction, Schwarzer made a statement on her private webpage on the matter.[18] Under the heading "In eigener Sache" ("on one's own account"), Schwarzer admitted to being a tax fraudster.[18] In that statement, Schwarzer tried to self-exculpate her crimes by claiming that in the past, she had been scared of political opponents in Germany and "was honestly afraid" that she might have to leave the country and thus needed to be financially prepared.[19] In May 2014, German tax authorities and criminal prosecutors raided a number of properties owned by Schwarzer.[20] At the same time, judge-issued search warrants on several of Schwarzer's banking accounts were executed.[20] It turned out that Schwarzer's initial voluntary disclosure submitted to German tax authorities was incorrect and she had in fact never admitted the whole amount of her unpaid taxes. In such cases, voluntary disclosures do not have any exculpatory effect under German tax law. Consequently, in July 2016, Schwarzer was fined for tax fraud with a penalty of a six-figure amount by the Amtsgericht (local court) of Cologne.[21] Awards
Publications
In English
References
External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Schwarzer.
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