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Aladža Mosque

Aladža Mosque
Religion
AffiliationSunni Islam
Location
LocationFoča, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Architecture
Architect(s)Ramadan-aga
TypeMosque
StyleOttoman architecture
Completed1549
Specifications
Dome(s)1
Dome height (outer)19.85 m
Dome dia. (outer)11 m
Minaret(s)1
Minaret height36 m

The Aladža Mosque (Bosnian: Aladža džamija, Turkish: Alaca Camii), also known as Šarena džamija, "Colorful Mosque", is an Ottoman era mosque that was built in 1549 and located in Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is considered one of the most beautiful and important examples of Ottoman architecture in Europe, and is one of the most important Ottoman era mosques in all of Bosnia and Herzegovina; along with the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque in Sarajevo and the Ferhadija Mosque in Banja Luka. It was completely destroyed with pre-planted explovises at the beginning of the Bosnian War in 1992 by the VRS, and levelled to the ground; along with the left over stones and rubble from the mosque being hidden all over Foča to prevent its reconstruction. After many years of searching for the stones once the Bosniak refugees of Foča began to return, and sourcing the funds necessary for the reconstruction of the mosque, its reconstruction was started in 2016, and completed in 2018.

History

Interior of the Aladža Mosque in Foča illustrated by Hugo Charlemont. In: The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in Word and Picture (Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild - "Kronprinzenwerk"), Vol. 22: Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vienna 1901, p. 421.
Exterior of the Aladža Mosque photographed in August 1989. During the Bosnian War, all of the mosques in Foča were destroyed by the Army of Republika Srpska.

The mosque was erected in 1549 by Hasan Nezir, the Ottoman Persian supervisor of state goods and finance in Bosnia and a close associate of Mimar Sinan. The master builder was Ramadan-aga, who was trained in the Persian culture and Persian architecture. It was decorated with beautiful colours, so it was named Aladža, "the Colourful".

The mosque is more than 120 feet [36 meters] high and has harmonious lines, marble columns, portal, cubes, corners and chasers. It is a masterpiece of Ottoman architecture on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The ornamentation is in typical Ottoman classical architectural style, and since it was the first mosque of its kind in Bosnia and Herzegovina, its design was emulated by many others that were later built. This is one of the reasons why the Yugoslav authorities put it under state protection in 1950.

During the Ottoman period, 17 mosques were built in Foča; 5 were destroyed during World War II and 12 were destroyed during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina. From April to June 1992, all mosques were demolished in Foča.

The mosque was blown up on 22 April 1992 by the Army of Republika Srpska and then completely demolished on 2 August 1992. Its remains were removed to the city's landfills. The area on which the mosque stood has been fenced and remained empty for the following 22 years. The first fragments of Aladža were found in 2004, along with the remains of the bodies of killed Bosniaks, in the rubble around 200 m south of the iron bridge over the Drina and around 300 m north of this bridge.

In October 2018, the Bosnian State Court charged Goran Mojović for crimes against humanity, including the destruction of the Aladža mosque. According to the prosecutor, in the course of a widespread and systematic attack by the Bosnian Serb military, paramilitary and police forces against the civilian population of the city of Foča, on the evening of 2 August 2 1992, Mojović, as head of the local engineering unit of the Army of Republika Srpska, gave the order to destroy the mosque, and - despite the refusal of two other soldiers - together with Rajko Milošević detonated the mosque with about 25 anti-tank mines. Thus Mojović and Milošević violated international law on the protection of civilian and cultural property.[1]

The reconstruction of the mosque in line with the original plans was carried out between 2014 and 2018 under supervision of the Commission to preserve national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was financed by the Turkish Cooperation (TIKA). The restored Aladža was opened on 4 May 4 2019, and was opened by Aziza Kurtović, a woman who lost her son during the war.[2][3]

In the early morning of 18 February 2021, several gunshots were fired against the mosques minaret which suffered minor damage.[4]

Description

Like the Ali Pasha Mosque in Sarajevo and the Sinan-beg Mosque in Čajniče, the mosque was built along the “classical” Ottoman style, to which the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque in Sarajevo can also be assigned.

Their floor plan was almost square 36.8 x 37 feet (11.22 m by 11.30 m). The dome, which had a diameter of 26 feet (11 m), rose above an octagonal drum. The height to the apex of the dome was 65.12 feet (19.85 m). There were 5 windows in each of the three sides of the mosque, and in front of the front there was a vestibule with pointed arched arches supported by four marble columns and three domes. The minaret was 118 feet (36 m) high. Inside mihrab, minbar and muezzin mahfili there was an Islamic stone sculpture, which was considered the most beautiful in the Balkans (Trifunović). The mosque had picture decorations, including a rosette on the north wall with floral decoration and wall painting in the lobby.

  • Entrance to the old Aladža Mosque, photographed in August 1989
    Entrance to the old Aladža Mosque, photographed in August 1989
  • Entrance to the old Aladža Mosque, photographed in August 1989
    Entrance to the old Aladža Mosque, photographed in August 1989
  • Aladža Mosque during reconstruction
    Aladža Mosque during reconstruction
  • Interior of the Aladža Mosque during reconstruction
    Interior of the Aladža Mosque during reconstruction
  • Aladža Mosque rebuilt
    Aladža Mosque rebuilt
  • Aladža Mosque rebuilt
    Aladža Mosque rebuilt
  • Aladža Mosque rebuilt
    Aladža Mosque rebuilt
  • Aladža Mosque rebuilt
    Aladža Mosque rebuilt
  • Remains of the old Aladža Mosque
    Remains of the old Aladža Mosque
  • Decorations of the new Aladža Mosque
    Decorations of the new Aladža Mosque
  • Decorations of the new Aladža Mosque
    Decorations of the new Aladža Mosque

References

  1. ^ Sarajevo Times
  2. ^ Svečano otvorena Aladža džamija u Foči, BHRT Archived 2019-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, objavljeno i pristupljeno 4. svibnja 2019.
  3. ^ Otvaranje Aladža džamije u Foči 4. maja, Oslobodjenje.
  4. ^ SarajevoTimes

Bibliography

  • Lazar Trifunović: Kunstdenkmäler in Jugoslawien, Band 1 (A-O). Ein Bildhandbuch. Leipzig 1981: Edition Leipzig, S. 368f mit Fotos 111 - 113, ohne ISBN;
  • Andrej Andrejević: Aladža džamija u Foči, Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, Institut za istoriju umetnosti, 1972, 103 Seiten, OL19219747M;
  • Šemso Tucaković: Aladža džamija - fočanski biser, El-Kalem, 1991, 57 Seiten;
  • Šemso Tucaković: Aladža džamija-ubijeni monument, Sarajevo: In-t za istraživanje zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava, 1998, 270 Seiten, ISBN 9958740028.
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