Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

 

Al-Khalid tank

"Al-Khalid" redirects here. For the 7th-century Muslim military commander, see Khalid ibn al-Walid.
Not to be confused with the Khalid tank, Jordan's version of the British Chieftain tank.

Al-Khalid/VT-1A
Bangladesh Army MBT-2000
TypeMain battle tank
Place of originChina / Pakistan
Service history
In service2001 – present
Used byOperators
Production history
DesignerNorinco
Designed1993–1999
ManufacturerNorinco (VT-1A/MBT-2000, Type 96-IIM)
Heavy Industries Taxila (Al Khalid, Al Khalid-1)[1]
Unit cost$4.7 million – $5.8 million USD in 2011
Produced2001 – 2014 (Al-Khalid) 2020 – present (Al-Khalid-1)
VariantsPakistani:
  • Al-Khalid
  • Al-Khalid I
  • Al-Khalid II (under development)

Chinese:

  • Type 90-IIM / MBT-2000
  • VT-1
  • VT-1A
  • VT-4 / MBT-3000
Specifications
Mass46 t (51 short tons)[2]
Length10.07 m (33 ft 0 in)
Width3.50 m (11 ft 6 in)
Height2.40 m (7 ft 10 in)
Crew3
ArmourComposite armour, RHA, ERA[3]
Main
armament
Al-Khalid: 125 mm smoothbore gun, 39 rounds
Al-Khalid I: 125 mm smoothbore gun, 49 rounds
Secondary
armament
Al-Khalid: 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, 3000 rds
12.7 mm external AA machine gun, 500 rds[2]
Al-Khalid I: 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun, 7,100 rds
12.7 mm external AA machine gun, 1,500 rds
EngineKMDB 6TD-2 6-cylinder diesel
1,200 hp (890 kW)
Power/weight26 hp/ton[4]
Transmission7 forward and 4 reverse gears, Semi-automatic
SuspensionTorsion bar with hydraulic dampers
Operational
range
500 km (310 mi) combat range[5]
Maximum speed 72 km/h (45 mph)[5][6]

The Al-Khalid/VT-1A (Urdu: الخالد ٹینک—Al-Xālid Ṫaiŋk, pronounced [əlˈxaːlɪd̪ ʈɛːŋk], lit. 'The Eternal Tank') is a main battle tank family developed jointly by Norinco of China and Heavy Industries Taxila of Pakistan. The tank is based on the Type 90-II tank.[1] Around 310 Al-Khalid MBTs had been produced by 2014.[7] The tank has been exported to Bangladesh, Morocco and Myanmar by China. The VT-1A is also known as MBT-2000.

The Bangladesh Army ordered 44 MBT-2000s from China in 2011.[8][9] The Norinco-made MBT-2000 is also used by the Royal Moroccan Army.[10] It was trialled by the Peruvian Army for possible acquisition, but was not purchased due to financial problems.[11]

Operated by a crew of three and armed with a 125 mm smooth-bore tank gun that is reloaded automatically, the tank uses a fire-control system and night-fighting equipment.[12] Al-Khalid is named after the 7th-century Muslim commander Khalid bin al-Walid (592–642 AD).[13][14]

The current production variant of the Al-Khalid uses a diesel engine and transmission supplied by the KMDB design bureau of Ukraine.[12][15] The first production models entered service with the Pakistan Army in 2001. The country placed an order with Ukraine to further upgrade the tanks with a new engine.[16]

History

The China's People's Liberation Army was concerned about the Soviet threat, and requested[to whom?] an improved main battle tank (MBT) to replace the old and obsolete Type 59 tank. Thus, in 1980, Norinco was formed and the Inner Mongolia First Machine Group Corporation was tasked with developing a series of new tanks.[17]

A joint development deal was signed with Pakistan in January 1990.[18] Initial Chinese-built prototypes were tested in Pakistan in August 1991. Pakistan completed its manufacturing plant at Taxila in 1992. Pakistan spent more than USD $20 million over the next eight years on the co-development of a model suitable for its needs and on creating a capability to manufacture it locally.[18] The Project Director at Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT) Brigadier Nasir Mahmood SI(M) led Pakistan's first indigenously produced tank from conception to production. His team modified the tank to accept a foreign-built engine. Several different prototypes were evaluated.[19]

In light of high ambient temperatures and the fine sand or dust that would be encountered in operational areas such as the deserts of southern Pakistan, the development of high performance cooling and air filtering systems was emphasized during the planning stage of the project. Implementation of a hydro-gas suspension system was considered but, after technical evaluation, it was found to be impractical due to various limitations such as problems with reliability and maintainability. Installation of the Renk 304 transmission was also considered but discarded.

An early version was armed with a Chinese gun and fire-control system, and had a German-designed MTU-396 diesel engine which was built under licence in China. Another version was equipped with a more advanced Western digital fire-control system and powered by a Perkins 1,200 hp (890 kW) Condor diesel engine (as in the British Challenger) and SESM ESM500 automatic transmission (as in the French Leclerc). This version[which?] was considered too expensive, and under-performed in the extreme heat of southern Pakistan. Finally, a version[which?] was tested with the compact Ukrainian 6TD-2 1,200 hp diesel engine.[15] This configuration was chosen by Pakistan for the production version of the tank and came to be known as Al-Khalid.

The final tank design resulting from a decade of co-operative development was designated Type 90-IIM. The Chinese company Norinco showed the new Type 90-IIM during the March 2001 Abu Dhabi Defense Expo, under the export name MBT 2000. The version powered by the Ukrainian engine, intended for domestic production in Pakistan, was named Al-Khalid.[20]

During the development period, Heavy Industries Taxila gained experience after building the Type 85-IIAP under Chinese licence and prepared to begin production of the Al-Khalid tank in 1999. A pilot batch of fifteen tanks was inducted into the 31st Cavalry Regiment of Pakistan's Armoured Corps on 20 July 2001. Pakistan signed a contract with Ukraine's Malyshev Factory in May 2002 for the delivery of 315 KMDB 6TD-2 diesel engines over three years.[21] An additional batch of Al-Khalid tanks was delivered on 23 September 2004. Pakistan planned to build a total of 600 Al-Khalid tanks for its armed forces.[22]

In December 2017, HIT officials told the Pakistan Senate that budgetary constraints had reduced the output of the tank to 18 per year on average.[23]

On July 28, 2020, the Pakistan Army inducted the first Al Khalid-I main battle tank into its Armoured Corps Regiment. The handing over ceremony of the tank, which is an upgraded version of Al Khalid tank, was held at HIT.

Unveiling

Al-Khalid was revealed on 17 July 1991, by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, along with the then Pakistani Chief of Army Staff, Mirza Aslam Beg, in a ceremony held at the Heavy Rebuild Factory (HRF), Taxila. In his speech, the Prime Minister said that the completion of the project was a big step towards self-reliance. The Army Chief said that for the first time in history, not only had technology been transferred to Pakistan, but the design was also made by Pakistani engineers themselves.[14]

Design

Armament

Al-Khalid is designed with a 125 mm bore, 48 calibre long smoothbore, auto-frettaged and chrome-plated gun barrel which is manufactured from highly stiff electroslag remelting steel.[citation needed] The gun is then put under stringent quality control process to ensure standard barrel life of 1,100 rounds EFC; barrels that cannot pass this test are rejected. This gun provides very high internal chamber pressures for APFSDS, HEAT FS and guided missiles.[citation needed] The gun can also fire the following types of conventional ammunition: APFSDS, HEAT-FS, and HE-FS. The gun is a modified variant of both the ZPT-98 and KBA-3 series of 125 mm smooth bore gun for Al-Khalid MBT which provided compatibility with Ukrainian ATGMs such as Kombat.[citation needed] The gun retains qualities of both Chinese and Ukrainians mated with indigenous design for better and accurate firepower on stationary and moving targets alike.[citation needed] The Gun-launched, laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles can also be launched.[24][25][failed verification]

Al-Khalid also fires a Pakistani depleted uranium round[citation needed], the Naiza 125 mm DU round which gives an armour penetration of 570 mm RHA at 2 km.[26][irrelevant citation][citation needed] It is equipped with a muzzle reference system and dual-axis stabilisation system.[27] Elevation and azimuth control is achieved by electro-hydraulic power drives. The automatic ammunition-handling system for the main gun has a 24-round ready-to-fire magazine and can load and fire at a rate of eight rounds per minute.[27]

The tank is also equipped with a 7.62 mm-coaxial machine gun, a 12.7 mm remotely [citation needed]controlled externally mounted air-defence machine gun that can be aimed and fired from within the tank, and 16 smoke grenade launchers(12 Smoke, 4HE).

The gunner is provided with a dual-magnification day sight and the commander with a panoramic sight for all-around independent surveillance.[citation needed] Both sights are dual-axis image stabilised and have independent laser range-finders. The tank has hunter-killer capability, giving the commander the ability to acquire new targets independently while the gunner is engaging another target.[citation needed] The automatic target-tracking system is designed to work when tank and target are both moving.[citation needed] Night vision for the gunner and commander is achieved through a dual-magnification thermal imaging sight. Both sights are integrated with the fire-control system.[27] The production Al-Khalid tank's fire-control system is the ISFCS-122B and is a modified version of the Chinese ISFCS-122 modified with French Assistance by adding features like Auto-tracking and more. In the MBT 2000, the Chinese Norinco fire-control system takes inputs from ten sensors. The ballistic computation time is less than one second. The manufacturer claims routine first round hits on standard 8 ft (2.4 m) square targets at ranges over 2,000 metres.

  • Effective range: 200 to 7,000 metres[clarification needed]
  • Sensor: laser ranging from 200 to 9,990 metres
  • French Auto-tracking, interfaced with gunner station, firing four types of munitions, gunner's thermal imaging sight, commander's image intensification night vision sight, gyro-stabilised and UPS power supply system.[citation needed]

Prototypes were demonstrated with various fire-control systems of Chinese and western origin, but the production model of the Al-Khalid MBT's use a modified Chinese fire-control system (FCS) and gun control system (GCS).

The Al-Khalid-1's FCS has been improved and is able to cue up multiple targets at once and has Auto-tracking for both the 125mm Main gun as well as for the 12.7mm Anti-air gun.[citation needed] It is also equipped with the "Integratated Battlefield Management System" (IBMS), named "Rebar", a digital communications system developed domestically by HIT and CARE (Centre for Advanced Research in Engineering). It comprises a flat-screen display mounted inside the tank which communicates with those of other vehicles, including command posts such as the HIT Sakb. It uses a data-link to facilitate secure communication of battlefield information between units, including tank video footage and information from unmanned aerial vehicles.[25]

A project to manufacture the first Pakistani tank gun barrel was started by Pakistan's Strategic Plans Division (SPD) in 2000. In April 2011, it was reported that the first Pakistani-produced tank gun barrel was ready to be delivered to HIT for installation on the Al-Khalid and Al-Zarrar.[28] Previously, HIT imported 125 mm gun barrel blanks from France for the two tanks which would then be machined in Pakistan by HIT. The first Pakistani gun barrel blank was produced at Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) in a joint project involving HIT, People's Steel Mills Limited (PSML) and other defence-related organisations.[28] The specialist grade steel was produced at PSML and the resulting steel block was passed on to HMC. HMC then pressed the block to a length of 5 metres and square cross-section, before forging it into a 125 mm smoothbore barrel. The barrel was then heat treated several times in facilities such as a large vertical furnace. The process took 2–3 months and was watched by experts from other defence-related organisations. The barrel was to be capable of firing at 4 rounds per minute as well as being compatible with the autoloader and its 24-round magazine.[28] According to a HIT official, a joint team proved to the Pakistan Army that strict standards would be met before the army approved production of a first batch of 50 gun barrels by HMC. The Pakistani gun barrels would likely be installed on upgraded versions of the Al-Khalid which are under development by HIT. A Rs200 million PKR contract has been finalised by HIT for the first 50 barrel batch, which is slightly lower than the barrels imported from France. After production of the first batch of local tank gun barrels in 2011, Heavy Machinery Complex is planning to explore manufacture of artillery guns.[28][29]

Mobility

The production model Al-Khalid is powered by a 6TD-2 liquid-cooled diesel engine, designed by the Kharkiv Morozov Design Bureau (KMDB) of Ukraine. The 6TD-2 is a supercharged 6-cylinder engine delivering 1,200 horsepower (890 kW).[30] The 2-stroke design, with the pistons arranged horizontally in an opposed piston configuration, makes the engine very compact and therefore more suitable for being fitted into relatively small vehicles such as the Al-Khalid MBT.[30]

The 6TD-2 is part of a Ukrainian powerpack and is capable of semi-automatic power-shifting, the transmission has 7 forward and 4 reverse speeds along with a braking system that incorporates carbon friction brakes and a secondary speed-retarding system. Gear changes are controlled by a torque converter which is made more efficient by addition of an automatic lock-up clutch. There is also a mechanical back-up system for use in emergencies, able to shift 2 gears forward and reverse.[30][31]

The Al-Khalid is fairly lightweight compared to the Western tanks, weighing 46 tonnes compared to the 60 tonne M1 Abrams and Leopard 2.[4] A power-to-weight ratio of 26.66 hp/tonne gives acceleration from 0 to 32 km/h (0 to 20 mph) in 10 seconds and a maximum speed of 72 km/h, the speed and agility also helping to improve survivability.[4]

A snorkel allows the tank to cross water obstacles up to 5 metres deep, after some preparation by the crew. Navigation is assisted by an inertial navigation system (INS) and a GPS satellite navigation system.[citation needed]

Protection

Al-Khalid has modular composite armour and explosive reactive armour, high hardened steel plates over rolled homogeneous layers. The composite armour includes classified elements and NERA inserts.[citation needed] The vehicle also has overpressure nuclear-biological-chemical defense system, an effective thermal smoke generator, internal fire extinguisher and explosion-suppression system. The infrared signature of the tank is reduced by infrared reflective paint.[citation needed] The Al-Khalid's armour is publicly stated to be around 660mm vs HEAT and 550mm vs APFSDS without ERA on the Turret and the Glacis is Estimated to be aroumd 450-470mm without ERA.[citation needed] The Al-Khalid-1 later inducted into the Pakistan Army is improved further from the Al-Khalid 1 unveiled earlier anand is equipped with newly developed indigenous explosive reactive armor AORAK Mk.2, which is not only lightweight, but also more resistant to APFSDS, HEAT and HE-FS rounds. ERA is developed by Global Industrial Defence Solutions (GIDS) Corporation.[3] l-Khalid is also equipped with an active protection system known as VARTA.[citation needed] HIT is working on an indigenous APS system for future batches, especially for Al-Khalid 2.[citation needed]

An advanced laser detection system from ATCOP has been added. The LTS 1 consists of a mast-mounted sensor and operator's control box, which includes a display showing threats 360 degrees around the tank.[citation needed] It can detect laser rangefinders and laser target designators and responds automatically by triggering acoustic alarms, smoke generators and other countermeasure systems. LTS 1 can detect laser devices operating in the 0.8 to 1.06 μm waveband, has a 360° field of view in azimuth (resolution of 15°) and a field of view in elevation of -15° to +90°.[citation needed]

The Laser Threat Sensor LTS786P is an early warning device which gives audio and visual alarms of threat by sensing a laser beam aimed at it from any direction.[citation needed] The exact location of the threat (incoming beam) is indicated by nine LEDs, covering all directions above the horizon. It has the capability to differentiate between a Laser Range Finder, Laser Target Designator or a Laser Target Tracker Signal.[citation needed] Provision of sensor output signal, interfacing for appropriate countermeasures, is also available. It can be used on stationary or moving objects of any size or shape. The maximum operating range is 10 km.[32][irrelevant citation][citation needed]

ATCOP LTS786P Technical Specifications

  • Response: enhanced for Nd:YAG Laser Signal
  • Range: >10,000 m
  • Field of view: capable of detecting any signal aimed towards LTS786P.
  • Detector type: silicon photodiode
  • Size (approx): 214 x 134 mm (sensor head)
  • 126 x 123 x 100 mm (display Unit)
  • Weight 2 kg (sensor head), approx): 1 kg (display unit)[32]

Variants

Prototypes

  • Type 90-II – A further development of the Type 80/85 series main battle tanks introduced in 1992.[20]
  • P1 – Prototype incorporating a Chinese 125 mm gun, autoloader and fire-control system, German MTU-396 diesel engine and Renk LSG-3000 automatic transmission.
  • P2 – Prototype incorporating a Chinese 125 mm gun and autoloader, Western fire-control system, Perkins 1200 hp Condor diesel engine and French SESM ESM500 automatic transmission.
  • P3 – Prototype fitted with Chinese 125 mm gun and autoloader, Western fire-control system, Ukrainian KMDB 6TD-2 1200 hp diesel engine and French SESM ESM500 automatic transmission.
  • P4 – Prototype export variant incorporating German NATO standard 120 mm gun, Western fire-control system, German MTU-871/TCM AVDS-1790 diesel engine and Renk LSG-3000 automatic transmission.

Production variants

Pakistani variants

Al-Khalid tank on display at IDEAS 2012 held at Expo Center, Karachi, Pakistan in November, 2012.
  • Al-Khalid – Based on P3 prototype of MBT-2000, operational as of 2001. Has an ammunition capacity of 39 125 mm rounds (22 in autoloader), 500 12.7 mm rounds and 3,000 7.62 mm rounds.
    • Al-Khalid I – Upgraded variant with ammunition capacity increased to 49 125 mm rounds, 1,500 12.7 mm rounds and 7,100 7.62 mm rounds.[3][6] Incorporates modifications made to the fire-control system which is now a more advanced multi process fire control computer with up to 7 km effective identification range. The engagement range is also improved which is up to 3.5 km, digital driver panel, IBMS, side-skirts, track pads, digitally controlled FPGA based solid state auto-loader with bidirectional tray movement and ammo availability info on screen, info on empty and full trays and types of available rounds, bigger carousel for longer rounds,[33] (rate of fire increased to 9 rounds per minute), Ukrainian Varta electro-optical jammer (disrupts laser rangefinders, laser designators and anti-tank guided missile tracking systems), Sagem third-generation thermal imagers for both gunner and Commander and improved air conditioning system.[34] It is the most heavily weaponized tank by tonnage. It is fitted with a 1,200 hp Ukrainian engine. Al-Khalid I's top speed is 72 km/h, and it weighs 46 tonnes.[6][34]
    • Al-Khalid II – Upgraded variant incorporating redesigned turret, increased weight, upgraded modular armour package and sensors, improved ammunition and a new powerpack developing 1,500 hp.[6]

Chinese variants

Chinese 90-IIM
  • Type 90-IIM/MBT-2000 – Type 90-IIM was introduced in 2000 with Ukraine's KMDB 1,200 hp 6TD-2 diesel engine. Export version MBT-2000 introduced in 2001 at a defence exhibition in Abu Dhabi.[20]
  • VT-1A – A new export variant of the Type 90-IIM, with Chinese interior, turret, gun, electronics and armour. It has a Chinese 1300 horsepower engine.[35]

Cancelled projects

  • Type 90-IIA – An export model offered to Pakistan. It was powered by French V-series diesel engine, developing 1 500 hp. Cancelled after France joined the international arms embargo on Pakistan after the Pakistan's 1998 nuclear tests.[20]

Further production was reputedly on hold due to lack of tank engines, with Ukraine first refusing to provide engines,[36] but later promising to deliver 110 new tank engines.[37] Since the 2014 Russian invasion, Ukraine was facing issues in making deliveries of equipment.[38]

Operators

Current operators

  •  Bangladesh – 44 MBT-2000s in service.[39][40]
  •  Morocco – 150 VT-1As order placed in 2010.[41] 54 received in 2011, the rest was cancelled.
  •  Myanmar – 180+ VT-1As in service. Received between 2009 and 2013[42]
  •  Pakistan – 300 Al-Khalid and 110+ Al-Khalid I in service as of 2024.[43]

Failed Contracts

  •  Malaysia - In April 2002, it was reported that Malaysia was considering purchasing the Al-Khalid after evaluation by Malaysian military personnel, but Malaysia eventually backed out without stating any reasons.[44]
  •  Peru - The Peruvian government had expressed interest in purchasing 80–120 units to complement the fleet of Soviet T-55 tanks in service with the Peruvian Army.[45] However the deal fell through partly due to the unauthorised export of the Ukrainian engine.[46][47][48]
  •  Saudi Arabia - The Saudi Arabian Army began conducting trials of the Al-Khalid's desert performance in April 2006, after expressing interest in purchasing a batch of the tanks 2 years earlier. No order for the tank was placed later.[3][49]
  •  Sri Lanka – In May 2008, Lt. Gen Sarath Fonseka of the Sri Lanka Army held talks with his Pakistan Army counterparts regarding the sale of military equipment, weapons and ammunition. The supply of 22 Al-Khalid MBTs to the Sri Lanka Army was reportedly finalised during these talks in a deal worth over US$100 million.[50] The order was later cancelled by Sri Lanka's Defence Secretary.[51]

References

  1. ^ a b Ali Osman (10 November 2015). "Pakistan's tool of war: Al-Khalid Main Battle Tank – the armoured fist". Dawn (newspaper). Archived from the original on 7 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b ARG. "Al Khalid Main Battle Tank". Military-Today.com website. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Farhan Bokhari (13 March 2006). "Saudi Arabia to trial Al Khalid MBT". Jane's Defence Weekly website. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Lodi, Sardar F.S. (August 2001). "Towards Self-reliance in Armaments". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 8 November 2001.
  5. ^ a b "Type 90-II (MBT-2000) Main Battle Tank". Sino Defence. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Saadia Qamar (6 September 2009). "High demand of 'Al-Khalid' tank in modern warfare". The Nation (Pakistani newspaper). Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  7. ^ "Report Of The Standing Committee On Defence Production" (PDF). Senate of Pakistan website. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  8. ^ Hasan Jahid Tusher (27 June 2011). "Army to get 44 tanks". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  9. ^ Dunnigan, James. "Chinese Tanks For Everyone". strategypage.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  10. ^ "Armor: Chinese Tanks In North Africa". Archived from the original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  11. ^ "The trouble tank MBT-2000 Peru: details". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  12. ^ a b F Foss, Christopher (22 November 2000). "Al Khalid MBT to enter production". Archived from the original on 18 May 2003. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Modernisation of Al-Khalid tank: Ukraine to provide technical cooperation to Pakistan: envoy". Business Recorder (newspaper). 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  14. ^ a b Aqeel Abbas Jafari (2010). Pakistan Chronicle (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Karachi: Wirsa Publications. p. 688. ISBN 9789699454004.
  15. ^ a b "Ukraine to Deliver 110 Battle Tank Engines to Pakistan". SPUTNIK International. 18 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  16. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Norinco". Norinco.com website. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  18. ^ a b "Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank". PakTribune.com (newspaper). 9 July 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  19. ^ "Pakistan's 500 Al-Khalid tanks have been in production since 2001: Newer generational tanks now being exported via IDEAS 2008". Rupee News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d ARG. "Type 90-II Main Battle Tank". Military-Today.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  21. ^ "Pakistan's, $150 Million Contract Signed With Ukraine". PakistanDefence.com. April 2002. Archived from the original on 21 April 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
  22. ^ "Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013.
  23. ^ "Fiscal constraints hit Pakistan's production of Al-Khalid-I tanks | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  24. ^ MDB, RU: Cast, archived from the original on 27 December 2004
  25. ^ a b Richard Fisher Jr (29 October 2004). "Report On the International Defense Exhibition and Seminar (IDEAS)". International Assessment and Strategy Center. Archived from the original on 9 July 2005.
  26. ^ IDEAS 2002 Defence Expo Report, ACIG, archived from the original on 8 April 2003
  27. ^ a b c Heavy Industries Taxila, PK: Depo, archived from the original on 19 February 2012
  28. ^ a b c d "Locally-produced gun delivered to HIT for tanks |". Dawn (newspaper). 18 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  29. ^ "Pakistan Produces its First Tank Gun". Daiji World. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
  30. ^ a b c "KMDB – Tank Power Pack with 6TD-2 Engine". Morozov.com.ua. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  31. ^ "The tank diesel engine". En.uos.ua (Ukraine website). Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  32. ^ a b "Laser Threat Sensor (LTS786P)". Gids. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  33. ^ "Heavy Industries Taxila". Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  34. ^ a b Ansari, Usman (20 April 2009). "Pakistan Pushes Armor Upgrades". Defense News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  35. ^ "VT1A". China defense mashup. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  36. ^ "China has put the tanks MBT-2000 in Morocco and Myanmar". Surv. in city. April 2011.[permanent dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Ukraine to Deliver Advanced Tank Engines to Pakistan". Asian Defence News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  38. ^ "Ukraine Crisis May Affect Pakistani Defense Contracts". The diplomat. April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  39. ^ "'চতুর্থ প্রজন্মের ট্যাংক পেল সেনাবাহিনী' :: দৈনিক ইত্তেফাক". archive.ittefaq.com.bd (in Bengali). Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  40. ^ Arms Docu Docu Onirban 2019, archived from the original on 15 November 2021, retrieved 25 February 2021
  41. ^ Vayu and Aerospace Defense: February 28, 2014. Chinese MBT-2000 export successes
  42. ^ "SIPRI Arms Transfers Database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  43. ^ "The Military Balance 2024". The Military Balance 2024. 87 (2024): 223–246. 1987. doi:10.1080/04597228708459639. ISSN 0459-7222.
  44. ^ "Malaysia May Purchase Pakistani Tanks "Al-Khalid", in Construction of Which Ukraine Participates". Ciar.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  45. ^ "Peru army plans arms purchase, tests Chinese tanks". Associated Press. 9 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009.
  46. ^ "No hay dinero para devolver tanques chinos MBT-2000". larepublica.pe. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  47. ^ "ShaChang 20150110 走出国门的"战地之王"". Youtube. HangZhou TV. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  48. ^ "China steals $114 million U.S. defense deal with Peru". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  49. ^ "Pakistani tank for Saudi Arabia". IdexNews.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009.
  50. ^ "Pak played key role in Lanka's victory over Tamil Tigers". The Indian Express (newspaper). 28 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
  51. ^ "The Al-Khalid Main Battle Tank". Retrieved 15 October 2022.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Khalid tanks.
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya