United Fruit Company

United Fruit Company adalah perusahaan Amerika Serikat yang memperdagangkan buah tropis, khususnya pisang, yang ditanam di Amerika Tengah dan Selatan, lalu dijual di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa. Perusahaan ini didirikan tahun 1899 melalui merger perdagangan pisang Minor C. Keith dan Boston Fruit Company milik Andrew W. Preston. Perusahaan ini mengalami masa-masa kejayaannya pada awal sampai pertengahan abad ke-20. Perusahaan ini menguasai banyak wilayah dan jaringan transportasi di Amerika Tengah, pesisir Kolombia yang berbatasan dengan Karibia, Ekuador, dan Hindia Barat. Walaupun United Fruit bersaing dengan Standard Fruit Company (kelak bernama Dole Food Company) memperebutkan dominasi perdagangan pisang internasional, perusahaan ini memegang monopoli virtual di sejumlah kawasan, beberapa di antaranya disebut republik pisang, seperti Costa Rica, Honduras, dan Guatemala.^[1]

Kehadiran United Fruit memberi dampak ekonomi dan politik yang sangat mendalam terhadap negara-negara Amerika Latin. Perusahaan ini dikritik karena melakukan neokolonialisme eksploitatif. Para kritikus juga menjadikan United Fruit sebagai contoh pengaruh perusahaan multinasional terhadap urusan dalam negeri sebuah republik pisang. Setelah mengalami kemerosotan finansial, United Fruit bergabung dengan AMK milik Eli M. Black tahun 1970 dan menjadi United Brands Company. Pada tahun 1984, Carl Lindner, Jr. mengubah United Brands menjadi Chiquita Brands International yang terus beroperasi sampai sekarang.

• Schoultz, Lars (1998). Beneath the United States. Harvard University Press. 

• Bucheli, Marcelo; Kim, Min-Young (July 2012). "Political Institutional Change, Obsolescing Legitimacy, and Multinational Corporations: The Case of the Central America Banana Industry". Management International Review. 52 (6): 847–877. doi:10.1007/s11575-012-0141-4. 

• Bucheli, Marcelo (July 2008). "Multinational Corporations, Totalitarian Regimes, and Economic Nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899–1975". Business History. 50 (4): 433–454. doi:10.1080/00076790802106315. 

• Bucheli, Marcelo (November 2005). "Banana War Maneuvers". Harvard Business Review. 83 (11): 22–24. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (2005). Bananas and Business: The United Fruit Company in Colombia: 1899–2000. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9934-5. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo; Jones, Geoffrey (2005). "The Octopus and the Generals: the United Fruit Company in Guatemala". Harvard Business School Case (9-805-146). 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (Summer 2004). "Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: the United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth-Century". Business History Review. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 78 (2): 181–212. doi:10.2307/25096865. JSTOR 25096865. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (2006). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". Dalam Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, R Daniel. Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism. 2. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. hlm. 342–383. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-06. Diakses tanggal 2017-03-24. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo; Read, Ian (2006). "Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in US History". Dalam Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr. From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3766-9. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (2003). "United Fruit Company in Latin America". Dalam Moberg, Mark; Striffler, Steve. Banana Wars: Power, Production, and History in the Americas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-3196-4. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (2006) [2005]. "United Fruit Company". Dalam Geisst, Charles. Encyclopedia of American Business History. London: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4350-7. 
• Bucheli, Marcelo (2004). "United Fruit Company". Dalam McCusker, John. History of World Trade Since 1450. New York: Macmillan Publishers. ^{[pranala nonaktif]}
• Cepeda Samudio, Álvaro (1962). La Casa Grande. ISBN 0-292-74673-3. 
• Chapman, Peter (2007). Jungle Capitalists. Canongate Books. ISBN 1-84767-098-9. 
• Chomsky, Aviva (1996). West Indian Workers and the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, 1870–1940. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-585-32582-0. 

• Fallas, Carlos Luis (1940). Mamita Yunai. 

• Maritime Administration. "Tivives". Ship History Database Vessel Status Card. U.S. Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-06. 
• McCann, Thomas P (1987). On the Inside. Beverly, MA: Quinlan Press. ISBN 1-58762-246-7.  Revised edition of An American Company (1976).
• McWhirter, Cameron; Gallagher, Michael (May 3, 1998). "How 'el pulpo' became Chiquita Banana". The Cincinnati Enquirer. 
• Neruda, Pablo. Canto General. ISBN 0-520-05433-4.  "La United Fruit Co."
• Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (1982). Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. ISBN 0-385-14861-5. 
• Striffler, Steve (2002). In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador, 1900–1995. Durham, NC; London: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2863-1. 
• Vandermeer, John; Perfecto, Ivette (2005). Breakfast of Biodiversity. Oakland, CA: Institute of Food and Development Policy. ISBN 0-935028-96-X. 

Media tentang United Fruit Company di Wikimedia Commons

• United Fruit Historical Society
• "Our Complex History", from the Chiquita Brands International 2000 Corporate Responsibility Report (via Archives.org)
• United Fruit Company Photograph Collection, 1891–1962
• Chiquita Banana Protest Information on the company's corruption
• From Arbenz to Zelaya: Chiquita in Latin America – video report by Democracy Now!
• United Fruit Company Photograph Collection at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
• United Fruit Company Photographs^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]} at the University of South Florida
• Banana-Express Diarsipkan 2011-06-13 di Wayback Machine. animadoc about interactions between United Fruit Company's railroad in Costa Rica and the country development
• The Fleets—United Fruit Company (TheShipsList)
• LIFE Magazine article, Feb. 19, 1951