Kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak Bumi
Kelimpahan (fraksi atom) unsur-unsur kimia dalam kerak Bumi kontinental bagian atas sebagai fungsi nomor atom. Unsur-unsur paling langka dalam kerak Bumi (ditampilkan dalam warna kuning) bukan yang terberat, tapi unsur siderofil (cinta-besi) menurut klasifikasi Goldschmidt . Ini telah habis karena direlokasi lebih jauh ke dalam inti Bumi. Kelimpahan mereka pada meteorit lebih tinggi. Selain itu, telurium dan selenium telah habis dari kerak Bumi akibat pembentukan hidrida volatil.
Tabel ini menunjukkan kelimpahan unsur-unsur di kerak Bumi . Angka menunjukkan persentase atau bagian per juta (ppm) dalam massa; 10.000 ppm = 1%.
Perlu diperhatikan bahwa angka merupakan perkiraan, dan mereka akan bervariasi tergantung pada sumber dan metode estimasi. Secara garis besar, data dapat dipercaya.
Urutan
Z
Unsur
Simbol
Kelimpahan di Litosfer [ 1]
Proporsi relatif (ppm)[ 2]
Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[ 3]
Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[ 4]
Kelimpahan dalam kerak (ppm)[ 5]
Produksi (2012, Ton )[ 6]
1
8
oksigen
O
460,000
474,000
460,000
467,100
461,000
2
14
silikon [ A]
Si
277,200
277,100
270,000
276,900
282,000
7,600,000
3
13
aluminium
Al
81,300
82,000
82,000
80,700
82,300
44,900,000
4
26
besi
Fe
50,000
41,000
63,000
50,500
56,300
1,100,000,000
5
20
kalsium
Ca
36,300
41,000
50,000
36,500
41,500
6
11
natrium
Na
28,300
23,000
23,000
27,500
23,600
280,000,000
7
19
kalium
K
25,900
21,000
15,000
25,800
20,900
34,000
8
12
magnesium
Mg
20,900
23,000
29,000
20,800
23,300
750,000
9
22
titanium
Ti
4,400
5,600
6,600
6,200
5,600
6,500,000
10
1
hidrogen
H
1,400
1,500
1,400
1,400
11
15
fosfor
P
1,200
1,000
1,000
1,300
1,050
12
25
mangan
Mn
1,000
950
1,100
900
950
16,000,000
13
9
fluor
F
800
950
540
290
585
14
56
barium
Ba
500
340
340
500
425
15
6
karbon
C
300
480
1,800
940
200
16
38
stronsium
Sr
370
360
370
380,000
17
16
belerang
S
500
260
420
520
350
70,000,000
18
40
zirkonium
Zr
190
130
250
165
1,420,000
19
74
wolfram
W
160.6
1.1
1.25
73,000
20
23
vanadium
V
100
160
190
120
63,000
21
17
klorin
Cl
500
130
170
450
145
280,000,000
22
24
krom
Cr
100
100
140
350
102
7,890,000
23
37
rubidium
Rb
300
90
60
90
24
28
nikel
Ni
80
90
190
84
2,100,000
25
30
seng
Zn
75
79
70
13,000,000
26
29
tembaga
Cu
100
50
68
60
17,000,000
27
58
serium
Ce
68
60
66.5
28
60
neodimium
Nd
38
33
41.5
29
57
lantanum
La
32
34
39
30
39
itrium
Y
30
29
33
8,900
31
7
nitrogen
N
50
25
20
19
137,000,000
32
27
kobalt
Co
20
30
25
110,000
33
3
litium
Li
20
17
20
37,000
34
41
niobium
Nb
20
17
20
69,000
35
31
galium
Ga
18
19
19
36
21
skandium
Sc
16
26
22
37
82
timbal
Pb
14
10
14
5,200,000
38
62
samarium
Sm
7.9
6
7.05
39
90
torium
Th
12
6
9.6
40
59
praseodimium
Pr
9.5
8.7
9.2
41
5
boron
B
950
8.7
10
4,600,000
42
64
gadolinium
Gd
7.7
5.2
6.2
43
66
disprosium
Dy
6
6.2
5.2
44
72
hafnium
Hf
5.3
3.3
3.0
45
68
erbium
Er
3.8
3.0
3.5
46
70
iterbium
Yb
3.3
2.8
3.2
47
55
sesium
Cs
3
1.9
3
48
4
berilium
Be
2.6
1.9
2.8
230
49
50
timah
Sn
0
2.2
2.2
2.3
230,000
50
63
europium
Eu
2.1
1.8
2.0
51
92
uranium
U
0
1.8
2.7
66,512
52
73
tantalum
Ta
2
1.7
2.0
765
53
32
germanium
Ge
1.8
1.4
1.5
128
54
42
molibdenum
Mo
1.5
1.1
1.2
250,000
55
33
arsen
As
1.5
2.1
1.8
44,000
56
67
holmium
Ho
1.4
1.2
1.3
57
65
terbium
Tb
1.1
0.94
1.2
58
69
tulium
Tm
0.48
0.45
0.52
59
35
bromin
Br
0.37
3
2.4
580,000
60
81
talium
Tl
0.6
0.530
0.850
10
61
71
lutesium [ 7]
Lu
0.5
62
51
antimon
Sb
0.2
0.2
0.2
180,000
63
53
iodin
I
0.14
0.490
0.450
28,000
64
48
kadmium
Cd
0.11
0.15
0.15
23,000
65
47
perak
Ag
0.070
0.080
0.075
24,000
66
80
raksa
Hg
0.05
0.067
0.085
1,600
67
34
selenium
Se
0.05
0.05
0.05
2,000
68
49
indium
In
0.049
0.160
0.250
670
69
83
bismut
Bi
0.048
0.025
0.0085
7,400
70
52
telurium
Te
0.005
0.001
0.001
71
78
platina
Pt
0.003
0.0037
0.005
179
72
79
emas
Au
0.0011
0.0031
0.004
2,700
73
44
rutenium
Ru
0.001
0.001
0.001
74
46
paladium
Pd
0.0006
0.0063
0.015
200
75
75
renium
Re
0.0004
0.0026
0.0007
52
76
77
iridium
Ir
0.0003
0.0004
0.001
77
45
rodium
Rh
0.0002
0.0007
0.001
78
76
osmium
Os
0.0001
0.0018
0.0015
^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade
Lihat pula
Referensi
^ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance" . www.daviddarling.info. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 .
^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements" . Environmental Chemistry.com. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 .
^ "Abundance in Earth's Crust" . WebElements.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 .
^
"List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust" . Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-15 .
^ "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements" . Jefferson Lab. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2007-04-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-14 .
^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguos (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1] Diarsipkan 2017-10-01 di Wayback Machine .. WNA.
^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press. hlm. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5 .
BookRags, Periodic Table Diarsipkan 2009-03-03 di Wayback Machine ..
World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth .
HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust .
Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS [2] .
Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007