Pada 1721, Tsar Petrus I secara bulat meniadakan patriarkat dan sehingga Gereja Ortodoks Rusia secara efektif menjadi badan pemerintahan, diatur oleh Sinode Mahakudus yang terdiri dari para uskup senior dan birokrat awam yang dipilih oleh Tsar.
Bacaan tambahan
Atkin, Nicholas, and Frank Tallett, eds. Priests, Prelates and People: A History of European Catholicism since 1750 (2003)
Brown, Stewart J. and Timothy Tackett, eds. The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 7, Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660-1815 (2007)
Chadwick, Owen. The Popes and European Revolution (Oxford UP, 1981)
Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity (1999) 608pp
Hope, Nicholas. German and Scandinavian Protestantism 1700-1918 (1999)
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. Vol. I: The 19th Century in Europe; Background and the Roman Catholic Phase (1958)
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (2011) ch 21
McLeod, Hugh and Werner Ustorf, eds. The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750-2000 (Cambridge UP, 2004) online
McManners, John. Church and Society in Eighteenth-Century France (2 vols. Oxford, 1998) 709–11.
Rosman, Doreen. The Evolution of the English Churches, 1500-2000 (2003) 400pp
