Deportasi Kalmyk

Deportasi Kalmuk
Operation Ulusy
Deportasi Kalmuk; Operation Ulusy
Bagian dari Pemindahan populasi di Uni Soviet
	Peta deportasi orang-orang dari Kalmykia ke Siberia pada tahun 1943; Kalmykia Oblast Omsk, Krai Krasnoyarsk, Krai Altai, Oblast Novosibirsk (tempat tujuan orang yang dideportasi)
Lokasi	Kalmykia
Tanggal	28–31 Desember 1943
Sasaran	Kalmuk
Jenis serangan	Pemindahan paksa, pembersihan etnis
Korban tewas	16.017–16.594 orang; (antara ~17 hingga ~19 persen populasi)
Pelaku	NKVD

Deportasi Kalmuk 1943 atau Operasi Ulusy (bahasa Rusia: Операция «Улусы») adalah deportasi yang dilakukan terhadap 93.139 orang Kalmuk di Uni Soviet pada tanggal 28–31 Desember 1943. Mereka dideportasi dengan menggunakan gerobak ternak ke Siberia, dan lalu mereka dikirim ke permukiman-permukiman khusus untuk melakukan kerja paksa. Perempuan Kalmuk yang menikah dengan laki-laki dari suku bangsa lain dikecualikan dari operasi ini. Orang-orang Kalmuk dituduh sebagai kaki tangan Blok Poros selama Perang Dunia II, padahal terdapat 23.540 orang Kalmuk yang mengabdi kepada Tentara Merah, sementara hanya sekitar 5.000 orang yang tergabung dalam Korps Kavaleri Kalmuk yang membantu Jerman Nazi.

Pengusiran ini dilancarkan oleh ketua NKVD Lavrentiy Beria dan wakil komisarnya, Ivan Serov, atas perintah dari Josef Stalin. Deportasi ini memakan korban jiwa yang jumlahnya melebihi 16.000 orang, atau sekitar 17% dari populasi Kalmuk pada masa itu. Orang Kalmuk akhirnya direhabilitasi pada tahun 1956 setelah Nikita Khrushchev naik ke tampuk kekuasaan di Uni Soviet dan melancarkan program de-Stalinisasi. Pengasingan mereka pun berakhir pada tahun 1957 dan mereka diperbolehkan pulang ke tanah air mereka.

Referensi

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Gross, Feliks (1998). The Civic and the Tribal State: The State, Ethnicity, and the Multiethnic State. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313291456. LCCN 98012329.
Ivanova, Galina Mikhailovna; Raleigh, Donald J.; Mikhailovna, Galina; Flath, Carol A. (2015). Labor Camp Socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet Totalitarian System. Routledge. ISBN 9781317466642.
Leong, Albert (2002). Centaur: The Life and Art of Ernst Neizvestny. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742520585. LCCN 2002001982.
Maksimov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (2008). Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System. Central European University Press. ISBN 9789639776173. LCCN 2007052048.
Maslov, Aleksander A. (2016). David, M. Glantz, ed. Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945. Routledge. ISBN 9781135252427. LCCN 2001028004.
Mastyugina, Tatiana; Perepelkina, L.; Perepelkin, Lev (1996). An Ethnic History of Russia: Pre-revolutionary Times to the Present. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313293153. LCCN 96007141.
Mawdsley, Evan (1998). The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929-1953. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719046001. LCCN 2003046365.
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Jurnal

Mongolia Society (1962). "The American Kalmyks". 1 (1): 6–8. JSTOR 43194607.
Bormanshinov, Arash (1963). "The Kalmyks in America 1952–62". 50 (2): 149–151. doi:10.1080/03068376308731819.
Chetyrova, Lyubov B. (2011). "The Idea of Labor Among Deported Kalmyks: Kalmyk Resilience Through Celebration in the Gulag". Mongolian Studies. 33 (1). JSTOR 43194557.
Grannes, Alf (1991). "The Soviet deportation in 1943 of the Karachays: a Turkic Muslim people of North Caucasus". Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. 12 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1080/02666959108716187.
Kreindler, Isabelle (1986). "The soviet deported nationalities: A summary and an update". Soviet Studies. 38 (3): 387–405. doi:10.1080/09668138608411648.
Pohl, J. Otto (2000). "Stalin's genocide against the "Repressed Peoples"". Journal of Genocide Research. 2 (2): 267–293. doi:10.1080/713677598.
Sinclair, Tara (2008). "Tibetan Reform and the Kalmyk Revival of Buddhism". Inner Asia. 10 (2): 241–259. doi:10.1163/000000008793066713. JSTOR 23615096.
Statiev, Alexander (2005). "The Nature of Anti-Soviet Armed Resistance, 1942-44: The North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Autonomous Republic, and Crimea". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 6 (2): 285–318. doi:10.1353/kri.2005.0029.
Terentyev, Andrey (1996). "Tibetan Buddhism in Russia". The Tibet Journal. 21 (3): 60–70. JSTOR 43300586.
Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (2016). "Prayers of Resistance: Kalmyk Women's Covert Buddhist Practice". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 20 (1): 86–98. doi:10.1525/novo.2016.20.1.86.

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Deportasi Kalmyk

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